Akwai rassa da yawa na ilimin kimiyya da ke wanzu a yau. Daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi mahimmanci a likitance shine ilimin tsirrai. Mutane da yawa sun shahara ta hanyar sabbin abubuwan da suka shafi tsirrai. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Carlos Linnaeus, Bajamushe ɗan asalin halitta wanda an san shi yau a matsayin mahaifin ilimin tsirrai na zamani.
Akwai bincike da yawa da Carlos Linneo yayi, amma babbar gudummawar wannan masanin halitta shine tsarin tsarin tsirrai. Tsarin nomomial ne wanda ke nuni da duka jinsi da jinsi. Linnaeus ya buga wannan tsarin sama da shekaru 265 da suka gabata. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen rarraba dabbobi kuma, kodayake ta wata hanyar daban da tsarin rabe-raben da ya yi amfani da su na fure. Idan kana son karin bayani game da wannan babban mutum da kuma bincikensa, ka karanta.
Wanene Linnaeus kuma menene ya yi?
A cikin shekara ta 1707 an haifi mahaifin zamani game da tsire-tsire a Rashult, Sweden. Carl Von Linné, wanda aka sani da Spanish kamar Carlos Linneo, ɗa ne na wani malamin addinin Lutheran kuma ya gama shiga Jami'ar Lund, wanda ke cikin Scania. A can ya fara karatun likita. Wani shahararren likita na lokacin mai suna Kilian Stobaeus ya kula da shi. A lokacin zaman sa a Lund, Linnaeus ya yi amfani da damar don yin horo yadda ya kamata ta hanyar nazarin littattafai da kabad a cikin ɗakin karatu na Stobaeus.
Bayan shekara guda na aiki, Carlos Linneo ya canza jami'a ya tafi Uppsala, inda zai ci gaba da karatun likita. Sau da yawa nakan ziyarci lambun tsirrai na jami'a kuma ya ƙare da haɗuwa da wasu masana ilimin halitta kamar su Olaus Celsius, Olof Rudbeck, da Peter Artedi.
Carlos Linneo ya fara tafiya cikin Turai gaba ɗaya, yana nazarin fauna da fure na ƙasashe daban-daban tare da gudanar da bincike. Godiya ga wannan, dan kasar Swidin din ya hadu da muhimman masana kimiyya na wancan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin lambobin sun zama masu mahimmanci don iya ƙarfafawa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin halitta.
Bayan ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa, Linnaeus ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin tsirrai a Jami'ar Uppsala. A can ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara tsarin rarrabawa ga masarautu uku na yanayi. Ya shimfida ka'idojin hanyoyinsa a cikin littafinsa "Philosophia botánica" a cikin 1751. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya wallafa sabon littafi wanda zai kawo karshen aikinsa: "Species plantarum".
Yaushe aka haifi Linnaeus kuma yaushe ya mutu?
Carlos Linneo, sanannen masanin ilimin tsirrai An haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1707 a wani gari da ake kira Rashult, a Sweden. Bayan shekaru masu yawa na zurfafa karatu da bincike kan flora da fauna na ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, Linnaeus ta zama abin misali a cikin tsirrai. Ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen ayyukan adabi da tsarin kirkirar sabbin abubuwa, ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun masana kimiyyar zamaninsa. Ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1778, wanda aka fi sani da mahaifin ilimin tsirrai na zamani ya mutu a Uppsala, Sweden.
Menene ka'idar Linnaeus?
M, Ka'idar Linnaeus shawara ce ta rabon dabbobi da shuke-shuke. An buga aikin farko da aka keɓe don wannan a cikin 1735 kuma ana kiransa "Systema naturae". A ciki, ya gabatar da wani tsari na kirkire-kirkire a matakin tara haraji don samun karfin iya rarraba masarautun dabbobi, tsirrai da ma'adinai.
Shekaru daga baya, a cikin 1751, Carlos Linnaeus ya sake buga wani littafi mai suna "Philosophia botanica", wanda a ƙarshe zai zama aikinsa mafi tasiri. A wannan karon ya yi iƙirarin cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙididdigar yanayi bisa ga allahntaka, canzawa da asalin halittar kowane jinsi. Menene ƙari, ya nuna cewa tsire-tsire suna hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i kuma sunaye sassan ɓangaren furen. Tare da wannan binciken, Carlos Linnaeus ya sami damar ƙirƙirar tsarin haraji ta hanyar amfani da ɓangarorin jima'i na shuke-shuke. A saboda wannan ya yi amfani da stamen don tantance aji da pistil don oda.
Baya ga waɗannan nasarorin, Carlos Linneo ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da yake amfani da nomenclature na sunansa don ba da takamaiman shuke-shuke. Domin cimma shi, zabi sunan ga jinsi da kuma wani suna na jinsin. Gudummawar sa ga noman sunayen dabbobi ma yana da mahimmanci. Koyaya, tsarin ya bambanta da na tsirrai, tunda ga dabbobi ya koma ga halaye daban-daban masu alaƙa da yanayin jikinsu.
Ana amfani da tsarin Linnaean a halin yanzu. Koyaya, rayayyun halittu ana rarrabasu bisa laákari da dabi'un halittar su, tunda sune abubuwan da ake tsarawa wajen bayyanar da abubuwan halitta.
"Nau'in tsirrai" na Carlos Linneo
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1753, Carlos Linnaeus ya buga juz'i na farko na "Species plantarum". Wannan littafin yana tattare da dukkanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire waɗanda marubucin suka sani, wanda a wancan lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman masana ilimin tsirrai. Duk tsawon rayuwarsa zai sake buga wasu bugu biyu wadanda zasu kunshi bayanai masu gamsarwa da gyare-gyare ga sigar da ta gabata.
Babban dalilin da yasa wannan aikin yayi fice shine tsarin rarrabuwa wanda Carlos Linneo yayi amfani dashi. Wannan ya sauƙaƙe gano tsirrai. Don wannan, ƙaddarar samfurin ya tafi tare da ɗariƙar da ta dogara da tsarin nomomial. Wato: Sunaye guda biyu waɗanda suke nuni zuwa ga jinsin halittu da nau'in shuke-shuke. A daidai lokacin da tsarin rarrabuwa na Linnaeus ya kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na samfuran da suka dace ko rukunin haraji, ya kuma haɗa tsirrai cikin aji, umarni, jinsi, da jinsuna.
Kafin buga "Species plantarum", Carlos Linnaeus ya yi nisa a matsayin masanin yanayin gona. Ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye iri-iri a duk rayuwarsa ya haɗu da yawancin mahimman halittu na lokacin. Linnaeus ya ƙare da zama ƙwararren masanin ilimin tsirrai a cibiyoyin kimiyya na Turai daban-daban. Ta wannan hanyar ya yi suna wa kansa a matsayin masanin tsarin tsari a cikin abin da ke Turai a ƙarni na XNUMX.
Carlos Linneo da tasirin sa akan duniyar tsirrai
Sukar da Carlos Linneo ya sha game da littafinsa "Species plantarum" sun kasance masu kyau. Manyan masana ilimin tsirrai na lokacin, kamar su Baturen Ingila William Watson, sun yaba da aikinsa. A cewar Watson, aikin da Linnaeus yayi zai zama karɓaɓɓe a matsayin mafi kyawun ƙarancin halitta a kowane lokaci, aƙalla daga masu ilimin tsirrai waɗanda suka karanci tsarin da Swidiyan ya gabatar.
Game da nomenclature da rarrabuwa, Carlos Linnaeus shine farkon halitta wanda yayi amfani da nomenclature na ganganci da gangan duka a cikin ilimin tsirrai da kuma ilmin dabbobi. Shi ne ya kafa amfani da ingantattun sunayen Latin da Latinized na duniya ga nau'in tsirrai da dabbobi marasa adadi. Don tabbatar da aikin sa, ya kara zane-zane da kwatanci.
Ta yaya Linnaeus ya rarraba abubuwa masu rai?
Tsarin halitta an fara shi ne bisa yawan adadin halayen haruffa. Koyaya, hanyar Linnaeus ta dogara ne akan amfani da wasu zaɓaɓɓun haruffan wucin gadi don haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Don aiwatar da wannan tsarin rarrabawa, Carlos Linneo ya dogara ne akan adadin gabobin jima'i da furanni suka mallaka, wato stamens da pistils. A shekarar 1735 ya fitar da littafin "Systema Naturae", wanda a ciki ya gabatar da wannan sabon tsarin na rabe-raben jima'i.
Masanin Halittar Sweden ya rarraba tsirrai da angiosperms, phanerogams ko tare da furanni a cikin duka azuzuwan 23, la'akari da gabobinsu maza, wanda ake kira stamens. Linnaeus ya lura da lambobinsu biyu da tsayinsu kuma ya mai da hankali kan ko suna da 'yanci ko sojoji. Don haka, lokacin da tsiron yake da stamen guda ɗaya sai ya zama Monandria, tare da biyu ya kasance Diandria, da sauransu. Game da tsire-tsire ba tare da furanni ba, sun kasance cikin aji na 24, cryptogams. Dangane da tsirrai masu gabobin mata, ana kiransu da suna pistils, lokacin da suke da daya kawai sune Monogynia, idan suna da Digynia biyu, da dai sauransu. Hakanan, an rarraba umarni zuwa cikin jinsi, kuma waɗannan nau'ikan.
Game da takamaiman suna, ana amfani da wannan don ganowa da bambance kowane shuka. Don cimma wannan, darikar ta nuna bambancin da aka buga tsakanin kowane ɗayansu. Don samar da aikinsa ga masana da masana, Carlos Linnaeus ya rubuta ayyukansa a cikin yaren Latin mai fasaha wanda asalinsa ya fito daga Turai ne a zamanin da da kuma zamanin Renaissance. Shawarar binomial da Linnaeus ta gabatar a wancan lokacin ita ce tushen tsarin noman dabbobi da na zamani.
Godiya ga bincike da ayyuka masu mahimmanci kamar na Carlos Linneo, a halin yanzu muna da ilimi sosai game da duniya. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai sauran abubuwa don ganowa da haɓakawa. Ci gaban fasaha da muke fuskanta yana bawa Kimiyya damar samun ci gaba sosai a kowace rana. Kodayake har yanzu akwai sauran ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ba, dan Adam din na kara kusantowa asirin da duniya ke kiyayewa.
Ina fatan wannan labarin ya kasance mai taimako da kuma bayani a gare ku. Yana da mahimmanci a san game da manyan abubuwan da aka riga aka yi, domin bin sawun irin waɗannan mutane na ƙwarai kamar Carlos Linneo. Wataƙila, wata rana, zamu iya zama waɗanda zamu gano wani sabon abu da ba a sani ba har yanzu.