Shuke-shuke suna da nau'ikan haifuwa iri-iri dangane da wuri da jinsin da aka same su. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan siffofin haifuwa shine spores. Koyaya, ana amfani da wannan kalmar a lokuta da yawa ba tare da cikakken sanin menene aikinta da halayenta ba. A cikin duniya akwai nau'ikan spores da yawa waɗanda aka keɓance daban kuma suna da ayyuka masu mahimmanci don rayuwar wasu shuke-shuke.
Sabili da haka, zamu ƙaddamar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da spores, halayensu da muhimmancin su.
Babban fasali
Spores sune ƙwayoyin haihuwa waɗanda zasu iya samar da wasu nau'in tsirrai da fungi. Fa'idar da waɗannan spores ke bayarwa azaman nau'in haifuwa shine za a iya raba su a jere har sai sun kare da kafa sabon mutum. Halin da spores yake fitarwa shine cewa sune ƙwayoyin da basa buƙatar kowane nau'in mutum ya iya kaiwa hari har ya ƙare da samar da sabon shuka ko naman gwari. Wannan shine abinda muke kira haifuwa.
Don hayayyafa da rarrabawa, waɗannan spores suna amfani da sifofin da ake kira sporangia. Mun sani cewa a duniyar tamu ba duk tsirrai suke hayayyafa iri daya ba ko kuma suna da halaye iri daya. Wannan nau'in haifuwa ya fadada zuwa waɗancan wurare waɗanda suke da ɗan rikitarwa don tsiro ya rayu tunda ta hanya basa buƙatar kwari masu gurɓatawa waɗanda ke kula da tura fure daga wannan shuka zuwa wani.
A ina aka samo spores?
Zamu bincika wasu sanannun shuke-shuke waɗanda ke hayayyafa ta hanyar faranta jiki. Dole ne mu tuna cewa tsire-tsire waɗanda ba su da jijiyoyin jini sune mafi tsufa. Waɗannan sune waɗanda suke hayayyafa ta hanyar spores. Ita ce tsohuwar hanyar samu a cikin masarautar shuka don samun damar hayayyafa da faɗaɗa kewayon sa. Daga cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda ke hayayyafa ta hanyar spores muna da rukuni na bryophytes . Anan muna da mosses, hanta da ƙaho.
Bryophyte shuke-shuke
Moses yakan samar da manyan layu masu kauri wadanda suke rufe saman kasa da duwatsu inda suke girma kuma suna gyara rhizoid dinsu. Kamar yadda muka sani, waɗannan tsire-tsire sun fi tsufa kuma ba su da asali kamar haka, amma dai ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa ne waɗanda suke aiki kamar asalinsu. Suna da matukar mahimmanci yayin da suke taimakawa rage ƙazantar ƙasa. A yadda aka saba waɗannan mosses suna girma a wurare tare da babban darajar danshi da muhalli suna buƙatar wannan yanayin ɗimbin don tsira. Wannan yana sa yashwa ƙasa kuma ƙasa tana da wadata a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.
Ana ba wa 'Liverwort' wannan suna ne saboda suna kama da hanta ɗan adam. Wani tsirrai ne wanda, tare da mosses, sukan mamaye manyan wurare kuma suna girma a cikin wuraren da babu rashi da raɗaɗi. Dukansu tsire-tsire suna buƙatar babban digiri na danshi don girma cikin yanayi mai kyau. A wannan bangaren, hornworms tsirrai ne masu girman ƙarami wanda bai wuce tsayin sama da santimita 3 ba. Tsarinsa na zamani ne kuma mai sauki kuma akwai ƙananan jinsuna waɗanda zasu iya wakiltar ta tunda suna da wuya.
Shuke-shuke Pteridophyte
Hakanan akwai wani rukuni na shuke-shuke da ke iya haifuwa ta hanyar spores. Wannan rukuni sune tsire-tsire masu jijiyoyin jini kuma suna amfani da wannan hanyar haifuwa tun ba su da furanni da iri. Mafi yawan wakilin pteridophytes shine ferns. Hakanan an san su da sunan ƙananan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin jini tunda, kodayake suna da tushe, ba su da ci gaba fiye da sauran shuke-shuke mafi girma kamar shuke-shuke na angiosperm da na motsa jiki.
Yaya aka rarraba spores bisa ga yanayin su da wurin su?
Za'a iya rarraba nau'ikan spores gwargwadon aikin su, tsarin su, asalin yanayin rayuwa ko ta hanyar motsi:
Bari mu binciko menene rarrabuwa gwargwadon aikin su. Idan muka bincika fungi zamu ga cewa suna da malfa da yawa suna da bango mai kauri sakamakon haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i. An san shi da sunan chlamydospore. Hakanan muna da ɓangaren jima'i wanda aka san shi da sunan zygospora, waɗanda ke da ikon rarrabuwa ta hanyar cutar tausa yayin da yanayin muhalli ya dace da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Za'a iya rarraba nau'ikan Spores gwargwadon asalin su yayin zagayen rayuwa. Meiotic spore ko meiospore shine samfurin meiosis, wanda ke nufin cewa shi haploid ne kuma zai samar da kwayoyin halitta ko kuma daidaikun mutane. Wannan halayyar tsarin rayuwar tsirrai ne da algae. Mitospores ana samar dasu ta hanyar yanayin sporulation kuma ana yada su gaba daya saboda mitosis. Yawancin fungi suna samar da filamentous spores ko mitoespores.
A ƙarshe, zamu iya rarraba abubuwan kwalliyar gwargwadon motsi ko motsi. Motsa jiki shine ikon motsawa kai tsaye kai tsaye. Spore din sun rarraba gwargwadon yadda zasu iya motsawa. Zoospores na iya wucewa ta ɗaya ko fiye da haka kuma ana iya samun sa a cikin wasu algae da fungi. Kodayake autospores ba zai iya motsawa ba, ba su da damar ci gaba da wata cuta. Spores suna fita daga jikin 'ya'yan itace (kamar fungi).
Algae da kwayoyin cuta tare da spores
Algae na iya haifar da jima'i da jima'i. Game da haifuwa kuwa, suna amfani da spores don wannan dalili. Algae mafi sauki yana amfani da spores a cikin tsari wanda ke da kamanceceniya da yawa zuwa matakin haifuwa na zamani, wanda ke amfani da igiyoyin ruwa a maimakon igiyoyin iska don yada ƙwayoyin su a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta wannan hanyar, yankin algae na rarraba na iya haɓaka da kuma tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na sararin.
A ƙarshe, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon haifuwa ta hanyar spores. A waɗannan yanayin, kowace kwayar halitta yawanci tana samar da tsire-tsire, kuma suna amfani da wannan haifuwa a matsayin hanyar rayuwa a cikin mahalli mara kyau, maimakon a matsayin hanyar al'ada ta haihuwa. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da yanayin spore don kare kansu daga canjin zafi, rashin abinci ko ruwa, ko ma gishiri mai yawa, pH, ko radiation, da sauransu, a kan wani lokaci. Wasu daga waɗannan spores suna da ƙarfi sosai a kan lokaci kuma suna da ikon rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da yanayin jiki, halayen su da aikin su.