Minda ya Aranjuez

ndi Minda ya Aranjuez ndi malo okongola a nkhalango zokongola ndi mapaki omwe ali mu mzinda wa Aranjuez, ku Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. Minda imeneyi ndi malo a World Heritage Site ndipo ndi mbali ya Cultural Landscape ya Aranjuez, yomwe inalengezedwa ndi World Heritage Site ndi UNESCO mu 2001.

M'nkhaniyi tikuwuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza minda ya Aranjuez, makhalidwe awo ndi mbiri yawo.

Minda ya Aranjuez

Aranjuez ndiye dera lakumwera kwambiri komanso lachiwiri lalikulu (186,7 km2) m'derali., yozunguliridwa ndi matauni a Castilla-La Mancha omwe ali m'zigawo za La Sagra ndi Mesa de Ocaña. Malire a malo ake amapanga lilime lalikulu komanso lodziwika bwino lomwe limatsatira madzi osasunthika a Tagus m'mphepete mwa gombe lakumanzere mpaka kukalowa m'dera lamasamba ndi lolemekezeka la Toledo.

M'dera la Castilian Altiplano, lomwe limadziwika ndi nyengo ya ku Mediterranean, yomwe imakonda kufalikira, Aranjuez amakhala chilumba chazitsamba zobiriwira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nkhalango, m'malo ambiri ndi mbewu zamvula zambiri, ndi minda yawo yayikulu komanso nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi komanso chonde cha zigwa za dothi la sedimentary, mosiyana kwambiri ndi chipululu chozungulira.

Njira yowonjezera yothirira inawonjezeredwa kumasamba oyambirira, omwe minda ya zipatso ndi minda inabadwa, kupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe cha zomera, pamene njira, milatho ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimapereka mwayi waukulu ku zovutazo.

Mbiri ya Minda ya Aranjuez

Mbiri ya chigawochi ili ndi zochitika zambiri za chikhalidwe. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages inali ya gulu lankhondo la Santiago ndipo mwini wake anamanga nyumba yachifumu yoyamba m'nkhalango yodzaza ndi masewera akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Udindo wa Royal Site umachokera ku Mafumu a Katolika (zaka za zana la XNUMX) omwe adaphatikiza madera awo onse mu korona, ngakhale Felipe II (zaka za zana la XNUMX) akakhala ndi udindo wokwaniritsa maloto akale a abambo ake, Emperor Carlos V, Kupyolera mu kukwera ndi kukulira kwa mpanda wa Royal Palace, adasandutsa Aranjuez kukhala imodzi mwa nyumba zomwe amakonda kwambiri. Felipe II ankafunadi kupanga imodzi mwa ntchito zake zazikulu: Aranjuez.

Mochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti iye mwiniyo anapereka malangizo omveka bwino okhudza kufunikira kojambula misewu ndikudziwitsanso tsatanetsatane wa malo, monga momwe ena mwa makomiti ake amati: "Onani msewu kuchokera pa mlatho, mawonedwe a mlatho wopita kumsewu". Chikondi cha Felipe II cholima dimba chimadziwika bwino. Mwina chinali chifukwa cha ichi kuti alimi abwino kwambiri a ku Spain ndi akunja a nthawiyo adatenga nawo mbali pakupanga, kulenga ndi kuchita ntchitoyo, mwa dongosolo lodziwika bwino la Mfumu.

Umu ndi momwe minda yoyamba yamaluwa yomwe imadziwika ku Europe panthawiyo idapangidwira, ndikukhazikitsa malo oyambira kuyesa ndi kukulitsa mitundu ya zomera za m'madera otentha. Mbewu, mitengo ndi zitsamba zobwera ndi maulendo ochokera ku Indies zidabzalidwa pano. Felipe Wachiwiri adayambitsa ntchitoyi ngati Kalonga Wachifumu ndipo adapitilizabe kukhala Mfumu. Poyamba adayesa kugwirizana ndi omanga ake, makamaka Luis ndi Gaspar de Vega, omwe adayala misewu yoyamba yokhala ndi mitengo (Reina, Madrid ndi Entrepuentes); koma polojekitiyi inali ndi ntchito zambiri ndipo inali yovuta kwambiri (zovuta ndi mtsinje, kufunikira kopanga ntchito za hydraulic, masanjidwe akuluakulu ...).

Kukongola kwa Minda ya Aranjuez

Kufunika kophatikiza zofunikira ndi kukongola komanso udindo wopanga malingaliro amtengo wapamwamba wamalo kunali kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti mfumuyo inalamula Juan Bautista de Toledo, katswiri wa zomangamanga yemwe amayang'anira maphunziro onse, anthu otchuka asayansi, kuti abweretsedwe kwa iye mu 1560. monga Juanelo Turriano, Pedro Esquivel, Francesco Sittoni kapena Pacciotto aphunziridwa. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Juan Bautista de Toledo mu 1567, Juan de Herrera adayang'anira ntchitozo.

Poyang'aniridwa ndi omanga awiriwa, minda ya Picotajo ndi Doce Calles, Gardens of the Island, Jardines de Arriba (omwe kale anali Jardines del Príncipe), etc.; Malo otchedwa Ontígola Reservoir, Embocador Canal (tsopano Azuda), kuwonjezera kwa Aves Canal, Distillery ndi mbali ya Tower.

Kupezeka kwa America kunasonyeza kusintha kwa kafukufuku wa botanical wa ku Spain, popeza akatswiri athu a zomera a Renaissance anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhalango zomwe zinapezedwa ku New World kusiyana ndi zawo. A) Inde, akatswiri aakulu a sayansi imeneyi anadzipereka kotheratu pa phunziro la zomera za ku America, ena omwe anali mbali ya maulendo akuluakulu a botanical omwe anachitika panthawiyo (Francisco Hernández angatchedwe mpainiya wa ulendo wodabwitsa).

Pafupifupi onsewo anasiya zolemba zolembedwa za mitundu ya zomera zomwe zangopezedwa kumene, ndipo anatha kutumiza ambiri a iwo ku minda yamaluwa ya m’minda yamaluwa yosiyanasiyana yokonzekera mwambowu, monga za Aranjuez, zokondweretsa mfumu, olemekezeka ndi akuluakulu. Ngakhale zili choncho, herbalization yoyamba ndi kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kwa zomera, zipatso ndi mbewu kunachitika m'zaka zonse za XNUMXth, mu ulamuliro wa Carlos III.

zomera zodziwika kwambiri

Minda yonseyi ili ndi gulu lapadera lazomera, osati mwa mitundu, mitundu, mitundu, mitundu kapena kupezeka kwa zina mwazo, koma apa pali zitsanzo zazitali kwambiri: zimapitirira mamita 50 mu msinkhu, ina mwa mitengo yokongola kwambiri yomwe idakhalako nthawi yayitali ku Spain yofikira zaka 260. Minda yazipatso imeneyi ili ndi mitundu yoposa 400 ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, 28 yomwe imatchedwa mitengo yachilendo ndi Community of Madrid.

Zina mwa zomera zomwe zimadziwika bwino ndi izi:

Pecan (Carya illinoensis), ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum), Chile palm (Jubaea chilensis), Virginia guayacán (Diospyros virginiana), storax tree (Liquidambar orientalis) ndi plantains (Platanus orientalis, P. x hisidentalis and P. Mitundu ina yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi: mgoza wa kavalo wamaluwa achikasu (Aesculus flava), mgoza wa mahatchi ofiira (Aesculus pavia), mabulosi a shuga (Celtis laevigata), macassar (Chimonanthus praecox), scarlet hawthorn (Crataegus pedicelata) , St. mtengo (Dyospyros lotus), Guilandine (Gymnocladus dioica), Virginia tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), Osage orange (Maclura pomifera), magnolia (Magnolia stellata), metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostrobioides), low iron tree (Parrotia toosa persica) ), Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia), silver linden (Tilia tomentosa), Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata), etc.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mutha kuphunzira zambiri za minda ya Aranjuez ndi mawonekedwe ake.