Kune mangani marudzi emiti aripo munyika?

Isu tine rombo rakanaka kugara munyika umo hupenyu, zvese mhuka nemiti, huripo mune yakawanda yepasi. Iwo maumambo maviri anowirirana mukuwirirana, kazhinji achigadzira hukama hwekufananirana kuvabatsira zviri nani kujairana nekwavo kwekugara.

Asi, Wakambozvibvunza here kuti mangani marudzi emiti aripo? Ndiwo mubvunzo unonakidza kwazvo, pasina kupokana, uyo unoguma uine mhinduro, kunyangwe isu tisingazive kana iri yechokwadi 😉.

Ndeapi marudzi aripo munyika?

Muna 2011 boka remasayendisiti rakada kuziva kuti mangani marudzi akange awanikwa kusvika parinhasi, uye vakabudirira. Parizvino, zvinozivikanwa kuti pane mamirioni 8,7, ayo 6,5 mamirioni ari epasi uye 2,2 miriyoni yemvura. Pamusoro peiyo isinganzwisisike nhamba, Mamiriyoni 7,77 emhando dzemhuka, 298.000 yemiti yemiti uye 611.000 fungal marudzi. Nekudaro, sekufungidzira kwenyanzvi, ingangoita 86% yezvisikwa zvepasi uye 91% yemarudzi egungwa haisati yawanikwa.

Izvi zvinorevei? Zvakanaka, chaizvo, chii tinoziva zvishoma kwazvo nezve akasiyana marudzi ehupenyu anogara mupasi rino rakanaka, iye ega wekufambidzana naye watinoziva kuti anochengetedza hupenyu. Saka hazvishamise kuti nguva nenguva kuwanikwa kwemhuka nyowani kana mhando yemiti kunoziviswa.

Ndeapi marudzi emiti aripo?

Kune emhando dzinoverengeka: miti, chanza, conifers, shrub, herbs, vanokwira, ferns, mosses ... Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine hunhu hwacho chinoita kuti chive chakasarudzika, asi ivo vese vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana: vanoita photosynthesis; ndiko kuti, zvinoshandura simba rezuva kuita chikafu. Mukuita kudaro, ivo vanoburitsa oxygen, pasina iyo hapana mumwe wedu angave ari pano nhasi.

Ndosaka tichizokuratidza mimwe mienzaniso yezvirimwa, kuitira kuti iwewo ushamiswe nekushamisika kunoita Kingdom Plant.

Asi chii chiri chikuru maficha?

Algae

Nhoroondo yekushanduka kwezvirimwa yakatanga nekuonekwa kwealgae, kutanga iyo unicellular iwo, ayo anoumbwa nesero rimwe chete, uye gare gare iwo akawanda emagetsi akaonekwa. Kwavanogara? Zvakanaka, munguva yakapfuura vaingogara mugungwa, asi sezvavakakura, mhando dzinowedzera kuomarara dzakaonekwa, dzichigadzira madzinde anokwanisa kuita photosynthesis kunze kwemvura yegungwa ... asi padyo padyo nayo.

Zvinotendwa kuti yekutanga algae, iyo inonzi Archaeplastida, yakaonekwa makore anodarika zviuru gumi nemazana nemashanu apfuuraNepo mutsvuku mutsvuku, ayo anga ari iwo akasiyanisa kuti amutse mhando yatinoziva nhasi, ari kubva angangoita mamirioni chiuru nemazana maviri apfuura.

Mhando dzerudzi

Izvi ndezvimwe:

chondrus crispus

Al chondrus crispus Inozivikanwa seIrish moss uye irwo rudzi rweyered algae inozvarwa kumahombekombe eAtlantic eEuropean neNorth America. Mashizha awo enhema anomuka kubva padanho rine matavi, uye ese akatsvuka neruvara.

ulva lactuca

Inozivikanwa seLamilla kana yegungwa lettuce, iyo ulva lactuca Iyo algae ine laminar green thallus (shizha rekunyepa muchimiro chejira), rakakomberedzwa uye riine zvidimbu zviviri zvemasero zvakasungirirwa kune ivhu kuburikidza nema rhizoids. Inokura kuita 18cm kureba nekupfuura 30cm paupamhi.

Moss

Mosses, ane kukwirira pakakwirira masendimita gumi, zvinoda kuziva miti. Chaizvoizvo kutaura iwo mhando yeasina-vascular bryophyte zvinomera (ndiko kuti, havana magirazi mukati, kusiyana nemamwe ese atichaona), akaumbwa nemashizha egirini ... chete kana kuchinaya.

Neichi chikonzero, tinovawana vari pamusoro pedzimba, matombo, madziro, madziro, hunde dzemiti, ... chero paine mvura shoma kwenguva yakati rebei kana shoma.

Mhando dzemhando dzemoss

Izvi ndezvimwe:

Polytrichum solidum

Al Polytrichum solidum Iyo inozivikanwa seye bvudzi moss, shiri gorosi kana hangaiwa gorosi, uye ine akawanda bvudzi rinoifukidza. Mashizha akanongedzwa uye akarongedzwa nenzira yakatwasuka yakatenderedza dzinde rakaomarara, iro inosvika pakukwirira kwemasentimita gumi kusvika makumi maviri.

sphagnum fallax

Inozivikanwa se sphagnum moss, kana sphagnum, iyo sphagnum fallax Icho chirimwa chinoberekerwa kuNorth Hemisphere, icho chine chikuru pseudostem kubva matavi anomuka mune fascicles, iine 2-3 yakawedzerwa matavi, uye 2-4 akarembera matavi egirini.

Herbs

Kana tichitaura zvemakwenzi tinowanzo taura ku "sora", kana huswa hwemunda. Asi, ko kana ndikakuudza kuti ivo vanogona kuverengerwa maererano nerudzi rwemashizha, uye izvo zvinongova musiyano kubva kune akawanda akawanda anogona kugadzirwa? Usanetseke, ini handisi kuzozvinetsa:

Kune mhando mbiri dzemakwenzi: yakatetepa-yakasiya, ayo ari graminoids (huswa) senge ese iwo anogona kushandiswa sehuswa semuenzaniso, uye iwo akafara-mashizha avo anonzi mafbias. Mukati meiri boka rekupedzisira tinowana megaforbias kana hofori herbs, inova iyo iyo chanza kana mazi (miti yemabhanana).

Tarisiro yavo yehupenyu saka inosiyana zvakanyanya:

• Pagore: kumera, kukura, ruva, kubereka michero uye kufa mugore (zvishoma zvishoma chaizvo). Mienzaniso: chibage, vise, pizi.
• Biannuals: mukati megore rekutanga vanomera nekukura, uye chechipiri ivo vanotumbuka, vanobereka michero vofa. Mienzaniso: foxglove, parsley, sipinashi, kana karoti.
• Vivacious kana kusingaperi: ndeavo vanorarama makore matatu kana kudarika (mimwe miti yemichindwe inotodarika zana rehupenyu). Zvichienderana nerudzi rwemhando yemiti, inogona kutanga kuita maruva kutanga kwegore rekutanga rehupenyu, kana zvimwe zvakawanda gare gare. Semuenzaniso, muchindwe unobereka maruva ayo ekutanga pamakore mashanu kusvika mashanu kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, asi iyo geranium mwedzi mishoma mushure mekudyara inogona kutumbuka (ndinotaura kubva pane zvakaitika). Mienzaniso: carnation, gazania, shiri yeparadhiso, michindwe, bromeliads and the bulbous, pakati pevamwe.

Herbaceous chirimwa mhando

Tinokuratidza zvinotevera:

cucumber melo

El cucumber meloanozivikanwa se cantaloupe, uye iri yegore kutenderera herbaceous yekuzvarwa kuIran, Anatolia, uye Caucasus. Inogadzira zvinokambaira madzinde, nemashizha emuchindwe anoburitsa yero maruva uye, kumashure kwavo, michero iri idenderedzwa kune ellipsoidal michero yakakodzera kudyiwa nevanhu.

digitalis purpurea

Rudzi digitalis purpurea, inozivikanwa se foxglove, digitalis, masuckers, viluria kana gauntlet, igwenzi rinobereka biennial rinowanikwa kuEurope, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica, neCentral neWestern Asia. Inoita tsinde refu iri pakati pemamita 0,50 kusvika ku2,5 pakureba, kubva pairi ine mazino, akapusa uye mamwe mashizha anomera. Maruva acho akabatanidzwa mumasumbu akarembera uye ari tubular, akadzika pinki kunze uye nepepuru mukati.

Gazania mhirizhonga

La gazania o Gazania mhirizhonga, chirimwa chisingaperi kana chisingaperi chinowanikwa kuSouth Africa neMozambique icho inosvika pakakwirira pakakwirira masentimita makumi maviri. Mashizha akareba, akasvibira nechekumusoro uye akacheneruka nechepazasi. Maruva akafanana nemadhongi, anovhura chete kana paine zuva.

Ferns

Mafosheni anoonekwa seasararama, sezvo akaonekwa makore angangoita mazana mana nemakumi mana emakore apfuura. Aya ndiwo mhando yezvirimwa zvevascular izvo zvisingaburitse mbeu (asi maspore), rhizomatous, uye nemashizha mahombe anozivikanwa semapfunde kana megaphils, anowanzo piniwa, greenish kana variegated muvara. Kureba kwacho kunoenderana zvichienderana nemhando: dzinogona kukura chete kusvika pamasentimita makumi maviri pakukwirira, kana kuti dzinogona kudarika 20 metres s miti yemiti izvo, sezita zvarinoratidzira, ndeavo vane chimiro chemuti nekugadzira hunde yenhema.

Nzvimbo yavo yechisikigo kazhinji masango nemasango anodziya pamusoro pezvose, pasi pemumvuri unopihwa nemiti, uye panogara hunyoro hwezvakatipoteredza.

Fern mhando

Tinokuratidza izvi:

Cyathea arborea

Inozivikanwa seiyo hofori fern kana shrimp stick, iyo Cyathea arborea Icho chimiro chegreen green fern iyo inosvika pakureba kwemamita mashanu. Inowanikwa mumapani uye mumasango eAntilles, uye inogadzira korona inoumbwa neinosvika gumi mapini uye mapapiro asingasvikike (mashizha).

pteris cretica

El pteris cretica Iyo fern yemuno kuAmerica ine irizome inokambaira, iyo inosvika pakakwirira pakati pemasendimita gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi masere. Iwo mafuru ane pinnate, girini ine chena nzvimbo.

Conifers

Conifers miti yakanaka kwazvo. Izvo hazvigadzi maruva ekushamisira, asi ndizvo chaizvo izvo zvehunhu hunozvisarudzira. Ivo ndeimwe yemhando dzekare dzezvirimwa, dzinoonekwa paPasi makore anenge mazana matatu emamiriyoni apfuura.

Iri boka remiti kazhinji ine trunk yakatwasuka uye inowanzo kuve yakareba kwazvo, inopfuura 30 metres pakureba. Korona yaro inogona kunge iri piramidhi kana kuti yakatenderedzwa, inoumbwa nemashizha akapfupika kana mashoma mapfupi, akasvibira uye ane hunhu husingaperi, hwakaomarara kana hwakashata. Zvibereko zvaro ndizvo zvatinokanganisa kudaidza kuti mananazi (kwete kusanganiswa neinanazi chirimwa, chine zita resainzi pineapple comosus inova bromeliad), asi iwo anogona kunge ari macone.

Sezvo tanga tichichinja kwenguva yakareba, uye takunda glaciation uye ese marudzi ezvisikwa zviitiko, nhasi tinogona kunakidzwa nerunako rweArctic fir masango, hupenyu hurefu hwakava mitswe mutangi rakamonyoroka Pine longaeva mumakomo eUSA, iwo akakwirira marefu eiyo hofori redwoods yeAmerica, kana zvinonaka zvemupine nzungu yeiyo pinus pinea, iyo autochthonous mhando dzeMediterranean.

Coniferous chirimwa mhando

Tinokuratidza zvinotevera:

Cupressus sempervirens

Inozivikanwa seyakajairika cypress kana Mediterranean cypress, iyo Cupressus sempervirens iyo inogara yakasvibira conifer yekumabvazuva kweMediterranean. Inosvika kureba kwemamita makumi matatu kana kupfuura, ine kapu inogona kuve piramidhi kana yakatwasuka. Mashizha acho ane scaly, uye anoita akaomarara, akasvibira mashizha mashizha. Hupenyu hunotarisirwa hwemakore ingangoita makore chiuru.

Pine longaeva

El Pine longaeva, inozivikanwa seyakagara kwenguva refu paini, inowanikwa mumakomo ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States. Inokura pakati pemashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu emamita, ine dhiramu dhayamita anosvika pamamita 5. Mashizha acho ari acicular, akaomarara, anosvika 4cm kureba, uye akasvibira akasviba. Hupenyu hwayo hunotarisirwa, sekureva kunoita zita rayo, hwakareba kwazvo: muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1964, mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza akacheka Prometheus, muenzaniso waive pamusoro pemakore zviuru zvishanu.

Miti

Miti mhando yemuti une hunde ine huni inonzi trunk ine branched korona ine bazi rakanyatsojeka. Kureba kwavanosvika kunosiyana zvichienderana nemhando, asi nyanzvi dzinowanzobvumirana kuti vane hushoma hurefu hwemamita mashanu uye trunk ukobvu ingangoita gumi masendimita.

Kana isu tikataura nezvemashizha, anogona kuve anodonhedza, semi-deciduous kana asingagumi; yakakura, yepakati kana diki; yakapusa kana yakagadzirwa nemapepa akasiyana (mapepa), ... uye inowanzo girini muvara, asi inogona zvakare kuve yakatsvuka-tsvuku (Fagus sylvatica var. atropurpurea semuenzaniso ine iwo eiyo vara).

Kwavanogara? Pasi rese, kunze kwenzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Kune ayo anogara mumasango akaoma anodziya, akadai se acacia tortilis kana the adansonia digitata (baobab); vamwe vanosarudzira mamiriro ekunze ane mwaka unotonhora, sezvo ruzhinji rwe maples kana miouki; vamwe, kune rimwe divi, vakaita sezhizha rinopisa zvikuru uye tembiricha ine hunyoro munguva yechando, senge carob kana almond.

Miti 'yazvino' yakatanga shanduko yayo muCretaceous mwaka, ndiko kuti, anenge mamirioni 145 emakore apfuura. Panguva iyoyo vaive vamwe veva protagonists vekuzvarwa kwe angiosperm zvirimwa, ndiko kuti, zvinomera zvine maruva anoonekera izvo, mukuwedzera, zvinodzivirira mhodzi dzazvo neimwe nzira kuitira kuti zvisanyanye kusangana nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka.

Iko conifers inoonekwa semiti here?

Hongu, asi ini ndaida kuzviisa zvakasiyana nezvikonzero zvinotevera zvandiri kuzotsanangura kuti pasave nekusanzwisisana:

• Conifers akatanga kuchinja muTriassic nguva, sezvatakambotaura makore angaite mazana matatu emamiriyoni apfuura. Panguva iyoyo, zvirimwa zvine maruva anofara zvaive zvisati zvavapo, uye mbeu kubva panguva yekutanga yadonha (uye kudonha) pasi inofanirwa kumera nekukurumidza panongowanikwa mukana wekupona.
• Miti yemazuva ano zvese angiosperm zvirimwa; iyo conifers pachinzvimbo iri gymnosperms. Kune imwechete chete mhando yemhando yechinyakare inoenderana zvakanyanya neconifers kupfuura yemazuva ano miti: iyo Ginkgo biloba.
• Muti mashizha 'haana kusimba' pakuenzanisa pane ma conifers. Shizha remapuri (semuenzaniso) raisazopona munguva yechando yakaoma yeArctic.
• Chiyero chekukura pakati peimwe neicho chiri, kazhinji, chakasiyana kwazvo. Conifers anowanzoita zvishoma nezvishoma, nepo miti ichikurumidza.
• Hupenyu hunotarisirwa hwakasiyana zvakare. Chirimwa, chinononoka kukura (uye chero bedzi iko kunonoka kuri chikamu cheicho chinorayirwa nemageneti) chinorarama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura icho chinokura nekukurumidza. Ndosaka tichigona kuwana redwoods Makore mazana matatu nemazana matatu, asi zvakaoma kuwana muti une makore anopfuura chiuru. Mazera ese ari maviri anoshamisa uye haakwanisike kuti vanhu vasvike, asi pasina kupokana ndinofunga ichi chinhu chinofanirwa kutariswa kana uchitaura nezvemiti nemaconiferi.

Miti yemiti

Dzimwe mhando dzinomiririra ndeidzi:

Citrus x sinensis

Yakakurumbira kudaidzwa Orange muti, the Citrus x sinensis Ndiwo unogara uri mugirini muti unowanikwa kuIndia, Pakistan, Vietnam, uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina. Inokura kusvika pakukwirira zvakanyanya kwemamita 10, ine trunk pfupi uye korona yakaumbwa nematavi ayo mashizha makuru, akapusa, akasvibira akasvibira anotumbuka. Maruva acho madiki, anenge 1cm, chena uye anonhuwirira kwazvo. Uye michero yacho yakatenderedzwa, orenji muvara, uye neinodyiwa pulp.

prunus dulcis

Inozivikanwa se almond, the prunus dulcis Iwo muti wakasarudzika unoberekerwa kuEastern Europe, Western Asia, uye North Africa. Inosvika kureba kwemamita makumi matatu, ine trunk yakamonyoroka zvishoma uye yakafara uye yakapoteredzwa korona. Mashizha acho ane ovate, ane serrated margin, uye green muvara. Maruva acho akachena kana epingi, 1-2cm kureba, uye asina hwema. Michero yacho maamondi, ayo akareba anenge 1-1,5 cm, uye akagadzirwa neganda rakaomarara - rinogona kutyorwa zviri nyore nekurirova nedombo - rerudzi rwebrown rinodzivirira mhodzi imwe chete, iyi ichipedzisira kudyiwa.

Shrubbery

Ngatipfuurirei kumakwenzi. Izvi ndizvo zvinomera izvo, kusiyana nemiti, havana kana hunde huru imwe chete, asi vane akati wandei anomuka kubva pachigadziko chimwe chete. Kana zviri zvekukwirira kwavo, vanoyera kusvika pamamita mashanu, kunyangwe paine akawanda asingapfuure mita imwe chete.

Mashizha acho anogona kuve akasvibira kana akasvibira, diki kana hombe, uye ane mavara akasiyana kwazvo (girini, tsvuku, pepuru, variegated, tricolor, ...). Muresitorendi tinowana akawanda anogadzira maruva akanaka chaizvo, senge azalea semuenzaniso, kana camellia.

Makwenzi asina kudaro

Kune mimwe miriwo iyo, kunyangwe ichizadzisa chikamu chakanaka cheaya maitiro, haigone kutarisirwa seabustos seakadaro. Dzinonzi ma subshrub. Kusiyana nemakwenzi isu tichati zvechokwadi, aya ane mapfupi mapfupi, uye anotaridzika semuti unomera mushonga chii chimwe, senge lavender kana the Thyme.

Kuomesa zvinhu zvishoma zvishoma, itsika kuisa muboka iri mimwe miriwo isina hukama hwakawanda. Chokwadi kunyaradzwa uye kuita. Semuyenzaniso, cycadsndiko kuti, ese maKycas, Dioon, Encephalartos, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Nei ndichiti izvi hazvina kunyatsorongedzwa mukati memakwenzi?

Nekuti izvo zvakafanana zvinoitika navo sekune maConifers: imiti yakasakara zvikuruMuchokwadi, zvisaririra zvakawanikwa kudanana kubva angangoita mazana emamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi masere apfuura ndiwo magymnosperms (Hazvidzivirire mbeu kana kuburitsa maruva ekushamisira); uye hupenyu hwayo hunotarisirwa hwakareba kureba kupfuura iyo yemazuva ano shrub nekuda kwekunonoka kwayo kukura: one Cycas revolutaSemuenzaniso, chero mamiriro acho ari echokwadi, anogona kusvika pamakore mazana matatu, nepo shrub yakajairika ichinetsa kudarika zana.

Shrub-semiti yemiti

Tinokuratidza mhando dzinotevera:

Veronica ochracea

A the Veronica ochracea Inozivikanwa severonica kana hebe, uye inogara iri green shrub kuNew Zealand iyo inosvika pakakwirira pakakwirira yemamita gumi. Mashizha awo akatetepa uye akareba, akasvibira muvara, uye maruva akabatanidzwa mune machena inflorescence.

Hibiscus rosa sinensis

El Hibiscus rosa sinensis rudzi rwunozivikanwa seChina rose, hibiscus, cayenne kana poppy (isingafanirwe kuvhiringidzwa nemiriwo papaver rhoeas) uye inogara iri green shrub yemuno kuEast Asia. Inosvika kureba kwemamita manomwe kusvika gumi, ine upamhi uye petiolate yakasvibira mashizha matema. Maruva acho akareba 6 kusvika 12cm, uye ane mavara akasiyana: yero, pingi, tsvuku, yakawanda-mavara.

Kukwira zvirimwa

Kukwira ndidzo mhando dzemiti dzinomera pamusoro pedzimwe miti (kazhinji miti mirefu) kuitira kuti dzive nezuva. Zvichienderana nezinga reparasitization, isu tine:

• Epiphytic zvirimwa: ndeaya anoshandisa vamwe sekutsigira, senge jasmine kana bougainvillea.
• Hemiepiphyte: ndeaya ari epiphyte chete panguva yekutanga kwehupenyu hwavo, inova iyo midzi yavo inokura pasi uye inopinda muvhu. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, vanozove vanodzipwa michero, senge Ficus benghalensis, kana mamwe marudzi eClusia.
• Hemiparasite: izvo zvipuka zvinomera, ndiko kuti, zvinowana zvinovaka muviri kubva kune zvimwe zvirimwa, asi zvinogona kuita photosynthesis neimwe nzira.
  Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzeparasitism:
  • Kumanikidzwa: apo iwe usingakwanise kurarama pasina muenzi. Muenzaniso: Viscum dambarefu.
  • Inesarudzo: kana iwe uchigona kupedza hupenyu hwako kana uine Mugamuchiri kana kwete. Muenzaniso: Rhinanthus.
  • Midzi: ndeaya akagadzika padanda remuti unogashira.
  • Midzi: ndeaya akagadzika mumidzi yemiti inogamuchira.
  • Holoparasite: ndeavo vanovimba zvizere nemimwe miriwo sezvo vasina chlorophyll, pasina izvo hazvigoneke kuita photosynthesis. Semuenzaniso: Hydnora (mudzi), kana European dodder (of stem).

Kukwira mhando

Pano tinokuratidza zvimwe:

Jasminum officinale

El Jasminum officinale epiphyte inogara iri green ku Caucasus, kuchamhembe kweIran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalaya, India, Nepal, nekumadokero kweChina. Inosvika kureba kwemamita matanhatu kana ikatsigirwa, uye madzinde awo anomera mashizha akaumbwa nemashizha 5-9 egirini. Maruva acho akabatanidzwa mune axillary racemes, uye akachena.

Ficus benghalensis

Inozivikanwa se strangler fig kana banyan muti, uye hemiepiphyte chirimwa. Mbeu inowanzo kumera mugomba mubazi remuti muhombe, uye kana midzi yasvika pasi muti unotanga kukura nekukurumidza, uchibvisa zvinovaka muviri kubva pamuti wakakokerwa.

Sezvo ichikura, midzi yemuonde inowana simba, uye nehukuru, uye zvishoma nezvishoma 'inodzipa' muti. Nekufamba kwenguva, matavi eFicus akaburitsa mashizha akawanda zvekuti muti unoutsigira unopedzisira wafa nekushaiwa kwechiedza ... uye zvinovaka muviri. Kana zvangoitika, hunde yawo inowora, asi muonde wakagadzira network yemidzi yakasimba zvekuti haidonhe, asi inoumba rudzi rwehunde.

Chirimwa ichi mhondi inowanikwa muBangladesh, India, uye Sri Lanka. Ukuru hwayo hunosiyana, asi hunogona kuwedzera zviuru zvemamirioni. Mubindu reBotanical reCalcutta pane imwe inofungidzirwa kuti inopfuura makore makumi maviri nemaviri ekuberekwa, uye inotora nzvimbo inosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri zvemamirimita.

Viscum dambarefu

Inozivikanwa seye chena kana slimy mistletoe, iyo Viscum dambarefu Icho chinosungirwa hemiparasitic chirimwa chinowanikwa kuEurope, Western uye Southern Asia, uye America. Inokura pamatavi emiti yakashata, senge poplar, kunyange ichionekwawo pane vamwe Pine miti. Inoita dichotomous stems inosvika 1 mita kureba, uye mashizha ayo akasvibira-yero, 2 kusvika 8cm kureba.. Maruva ayo ari greenish-yero, uye kuyera 2-3mm muhupamhi. Chibereko chacho chidiki chena, yero kana bhuruki inochinja.

Succulents

Iyo zvirimwa zvakachinjika kugara kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinodziya uye dzinonyanya kuoma pasirese. Kunyangwe paine miti, shrub uye mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa ane chimwe chinonaka chikamu, sekudaro isu tinongoreva chete kune cacti uye zvinotapira. Kwakatangira zvinhu izvi kwakadzokera kunguva yeCretaceous, pakati pemakore makumi masere kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe emakore apfuura. Panguva iyoyo dzaive zvirimwa zvine mashizha, maruva nembeu, zvaigara mune yava kunzi South America ne Africa, asi iyo yaimbove Gondwana (yaimbove kondinendi yakaumbwa nevanhu vazhinji vemakondinendi einhasi Africa, South America , Australia, New Zealand, Hindustan, Madagascar uye Antarctica, iyo yakatanga nekuparadzaniswa kwePangea mumakore maviri anopfuura mamirioni mazana maviri apfuura).

Nekuda kwekufamba kwenguva kwema tectonic mahwendefa, zvishoma nezvishoma uye pamusoro pezviuru nemamirioni emakore, South America ne Africa zvakaparadzaniswa, zvichiendeswa zvishoma nezvishoma kunzvimbo yazvino yenzvimbo. Mukuita kudaro, mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo idzodzo akachinja, kumanikidza veAmerica vanonwisa mvura kuti vachinje nekugadzirisa mashizha avo nemashizha emiti uye kuva nemuviri unokwanisa photosynthesis; Kune rimwe divi, vakadzi vemuAfrica vakashandura mashizha uye / kana madzinde kuita 'zvitoro' zvemvura.

Nekudaro, iwo maAmerican akapa cacti, uye yekupedzisira kuva zvinwiwa.

Munguva yemazuva ano tinogona kuona zvirimwa izvi mugwenga kana pedyo nenzvimbo dzerenje. Semuenzaniso, munyika dzakaita seMexico, Chile neArgentina, pane kusiyana kukuru kwecacti. Semuenzaniso, yemhando dzinopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu ezvi mammillaria izvo zvinogamuchirwa, rinova iro rakanyanya kuwanda rudzi rwecactus, mazhinji anozvarwa kuMexico. Kune rimwe divi, maLithops nderimwe remazera makuru eanonaka, sezvo achiumbwa nemarudzi zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe, ese ari chizvarwa chekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica.

Succulents zvirimwa izvo ivo vakagadzirira kutsungirira tembiricha yakakwira yakajairika yemagwenga, uye havadi mvura yakawanda. Ndokusaka ivo vakakurumbira, nekuti ivo zvakare havawanzo kukura zvakanyanya (kunze kwekushoma). Chinhu chakajairika ndechekuti haapfuure 40, 50 kana 60 masentimita pakureba, kunyangwe paine mamwe marudzi emakoramu macacti giant carnegiea (saguaros), iyo inodarika mashanu mamita.

Musiyano uripo pakati pecacti uye zvinotapira

Zviri nyore kwazvo kuvakanganisa, nekuti hongu, tinoziva kuti cacti ine minzwa ... asi mune dzimwe nguva haina kuita saizvozvo (senge Astrophytum asteria). Saka kuitira kuti pasave nenzvimbo yekukahadzika, ndikuudze kuti izvo zvaunofanirwa kutarisa kuti uzive kana iri cactus kana crass iri mune inotevera:

• Areola: minzwa uye maruva zvinotumbuka kubva pavari, uye kazhinji zvine mvere. Ivo varipo chete mu cacti.
• Mbabvu: mbabvu dzinogona kuve dzakanyanya kana kushomeka, uye dzive dzakawandisa kana zvishoma. Ose maviri cacti uye mamwe anotapira anogona kuva nazvo, asi mune zvekare ivo vari nani zvakanyanya kusiyaniswa.
• Mashizha: vane nyama, kazhinji vane ruvara rwakachena. Vanoyamwa vashoma chete ndivo vanazvo.

Succulent chirimwa mhando

Pano tinokuratidza zvimwe:

Copiapoa cinerea

La Copiapoa cinerea Iyo mhando yecactus ine globose-cylindrical muviri wakashongedzwa neminzwa. Maruva ari yero, uye anotumbuka kubva kumusoro kwehunde. Icho chakazara kuChile, uye inogona kusvika pakureba ingangoita 50-60 masentimita.

Echeveria elegans

La Echeveria elegans chirimwa chinotapira chinowanikwa pakati peMexico icho inoumba rosette yemashizha kusvika pamasendimita gumi muhupamhi, isina hunde / hunde. Maruva ayo anotumbuka kubva padzinde pfupi reruva, uye ari orenji.

Uye nechiratidziro chipfupi tinopedza:

Zvinonakidza kuziva zvirimwa, asi zvakare zvakakosha zvikuru kuvaremekedza. Izvozvi iri kutemwa masango nekukurumidza zvakanyanya mwero. Kana tikaramba tichidaro, patinoona kuti mari haigone kudyiwa, zvinenge zvanonoka.