Mbiriso, algae uye fungus, pamwe chete pakurarama kwenyuchi

Sezvatakaona mune yapfuura posvo nezve lichen, Vanoda mamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza kuti vakwanise kurarama zvakanaka uye kubereka zvakanaka kusvikira kukoloniya ndima.

Lichen ndiwo mugumisiro wehukama hwehukama pakati pega uye chakuvhe. Zvisinei, masayendisiti, mushure memakore akawanda kudaro vachidzidza lichen, wawana kuwanikwa kutsva: muhukama ihwohwo hwevaviri, pane chechitatu, mbiriso. Zvinoitika sei kuti mushure memakore mazhinji kudaro ekudzidza, vesaenzi vasina kuziva kuvapo kwembiriso muhukama hwesungano?

Symbiotic hukama pakati pega uye fungus

Chokwadi iwe wakamboona dombo rine mavara pamusoro payo muhupenyu hwako. Tsvina iyo mavara ayo anogona kusiyana pakati peblack, brown, orange kana green. Iwe wakwanisa zvakare kuona aya mavara padenga remba, padzimba dzekare, miti, nezvimwe. Aya mavara awakaona lichen dzinoumbwa kuburikidza nekubatana pakati peiyo alga uye fungus.

Muzvisikwa kune mhando dzakasiyana dzehukama pakati pezvinhu zvipenyu. Isu tinowana zvipenyu zvinokwanisa pakati pazvo, zvimwe zvipembenene uye vamwe vane hukama zvinobatsira zvese. Kupfuura symbiosis, izwi rakakodzera kwazvo rehunyanzvi pairi nderekudyidzana. Mutualism hukama pakati peiyo algae uye fungus iyo inogadzira lichen iyo mapato maviri anowana kubva kuhukama. Chii chamunogona kubva mese kubva muhukama uhwu?

Muhupenyu hwe lichen, algae inoita basa rakakosha re ita photosynthesis kuti ugone kupa organic chinhu kune fungus. Isu tinombomira zvishoma kuti titsanangure kuti fungi haisi autotrophic zvisikwa, ndiko kuti, havagadzirire chikafu chavo semiti. Howa hunoda chikafu chinodyiwa. Iyi organic chinhu inopihwa neiyo algae panguva yefotosynthesis. Kudzorera nyasha kune gungwa, iyo fungus inotora mvura uye mamineral salts kubva kunharaunda kwaanogara, kunyangwe yaome sei, uye ichichipa chengetedzo kubva ku desiccation.

Sekuona kwedu, hukama uhwu huri kubva pasimba kuenda pasimba. Ose anokunda uye anokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro akaomesesa.

Ndere dzinobatsira zvakadii?

Isu takaona hukama hwekuti algae uye fungi zvine mukana wekugadzira machenzi. Asi chii chatinoshandisa machenzi? Machira ave achishandiswa munhoroondo yese nekuda kwezvakasiyana zvatinozviwana tiri.

• Manna lichen, iyo inokura muNorth Africa neCanary Islands, inogona kushandiswa sekudya. KuNorth Pole, reindeer uye caribou zvinodyisa lichens.
• Muindasitiri yemishonga ivo vajaira tora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vitamini C, uye dhayi, kunge litmus.
• Muma cosmetics anoshandiswa kutora masisitimu nezvinonhuwira.

Ini zvakare ndoda kutaura kuti machenes anoshandiswa nhasi se zviratidzo zvekusvibiswa. Sezvatakaona mune yapfuura posvo yambotaurwa, lichen inoda mamwe mamiriro emuchadenga uye biotic mamiriro kuti ararame. Ivo vari panjodzi yekutonhora, kunaya, hunyoro, kuvapo kwezvikara, nezvimwe. Zvakanaka, muviri uyu unoshanda sechiratidzo chekusvibiswa. Kuva panjodzi yezvimedu zvakamiswa zvinokonzerwa nekusvibiswa nemhepo kana mvura nevhu, lichen hadzimere munzvimbo idzi. Naizvozvo, kana isu tikaona kuti nzvimbo inosangana nemamiriro akakodzera kuti rucheno urarame zvakanaka, uye zvakadaro isu tisingazvione, ichatitaurira kuti nzvimbo yacho yakasvibiswa.

Mbiriso sechikamu chechitatu chehukama

Isu takaona izvo zvine mutsetse zvinoumbwa uye zvinoshandisa chii kuvanhu. Nekudaro, iwe ungafungei kana ndikakuudza kuti algae uye fungus handizvo zvega zviripo muhukama hunoumba hunyoro? Kubva hupenyu hwese, muzvikoro, kumayunivhesiti uye kumayunivhesiti, chero nguva maruzevha paanenge achidzidzwa, anotanga nekutsanangura kuti ihwo hukama hwekufananidza pakati pearangi nefungus. Asi zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura simbisa kuti pane chikamu chechitatu chehukama: mbiriso.

Pasi pano pane marudzi anopfuura gumi nemashanu ezviyo uye ese iwo akave akafundwa pahwaro hwekuti iwo mhedzisiro yehukama pakati pearangi uye fungus. Asi nhasi, pamwe yave nguva yekutanga kuchinja zano iri. Mbiriso chikamu chemubatanidzwa uyu pakati pearangi uye fungus sechimwe chinhu che lichen. Masayendisiti anga asina kukwanisa kuona kuvapo kwechinhu ichi zvisati zvaitika kuburikidza nemagirazi ekuongorora akasimba uye mushure memazana emakore nezvizvarwa zveongororo.

Ivo vakawana cheichi chikamu chechitatu chehukama hwave postdoctoral kutsvagisa mumwe Toby Spribille nevamwe vake kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMontana kuMissoula, Uppsala (Sweden), Graz (Austria), Purdue (USA) neCanada Institute for Advanced Research muToronto. Kuti vagone kuwana uku, ivo vakanyatso shandiswa, kunze kwekuona kwakasimba kwemaikorosikopu, nekutarisa kwemajini.

Kudzidza kwe lichens kune chepfu kune mhuka

Uku kuwanikwa kwave kuri pabutiro remagazini sainzi uye fungidzira zvese shanduko yezvakange zvichizivikanwa nezve lichen uye maitiro avo, kurarama, hukama, phenology, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinomutsa kunetsekana kwemasayendisiti nezve kuongorora zvakare ruzivo rwese uye fungidziro dziripo (kunyangwe dzakapusa) nezvenzira iyo lichen dzinoumba, nezvekuti vanorarama sei, chinzvimbo chei chimwe nechimwe chehukama chinotamba, nezve ndiani anoita basa rei , nedzimwe nyaya.

Zviripachena, sekunge zvingangoita zvese zvakawanikwa nesainzi, izvo hazvisi izvo chaizvo izvo zvakadzidzwa. Kurudziro yemasayendisiti yaive yekutsvaga kuti nei mhando mbiri dzenzara dzakabatana zvakanyanya uye vachigara munzvimbo imwechete ine musiyano wakakura. imwe ine chepfu kune mhuka uye imwe haina. Ongororo yeDNA yakange yangodzamisa chakavanzika, nekuti mhando mbiri idzi dzaive nemajenome akafanana. Kana saka zvaitaridzika.

Mbiriso yakawanikwa nekutenda kune lichen DNA

Kuti utsanangure kuwanikwa uku, zvimwe zvinhu zvemaoreniyamu biology zvinofanirwa kutaurwa. Isu tinotanga nekuti magene akagadzirwa neDNA, asi kuitira kuti ishandise aya magene, iyo mbiri helix yenitrogenous zvigadziko inofanira kuvhurwa uye kopi yeimwe yetambo dzayo inofanira kubviswa. Iyi kopi yatinoburitsa muiri helix haisi DNA nekuti inongova netambo imwe chete, ndosaka tichiidaidza kuti RNA. Naizvozvo, kana munhu akaongorora tambo iyi yeRNA, uri kutarisa zvisina kunangana nemajini anonyanya kushanda musero iro.

Izvi ndizvo zvaiitwa nemasayendisiti aya. Vakaongorora iyo RNA yeaya maviri marudzi e lichen, kuitira kuti vafunge kuti nei imwe yaive chepfu kuzvipfuwo uye imwe yacho isiri. Chokwadi mune RNA kuteedzana ivo vanogona kuwana chikonzero cheichi chiitiko. Mushure mekuongororwa kweese maRNA, musiyano unoshamisa wakawanikwa: uye chokwadi ndechekuti iyo RNA haina kuenderana chete nefungus inozivikanwa muiyo symbiosis, asiwo kune imwe mhando yefungus, mbiriso. Iyi mbiriso yaenda zvachose isingacherechedzwe kwezana nehafu yezvidzidzo. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzeruchen dzaive chepfu kuzvipfuwo zvaive nezvakawanda kwazvo zveiyo mbiriso kupfuura mhando yaive isiri chepfu.

Mukuwongorora kwakapfuura kwemamwe marudzi emucheno, iyi mbiriso yakanga yaregeredzwa nekuti iwo maseru mashoma kwazvo muhukama hwechiratidzo. Isu tinongowana chete kana maviri kopi yeDNA pasero. Zvisinei, zvakatowanikwa kuti mamwe majeni avo anoshanda uye anogona kuita mazana kana zviuru zvemakopi eRNA kune yega yeDNA. Ndiyo yaive kiyi yekubudirira. Uye, zvirokwazvo, ndiyo mbiriso inotsanangura kuti nei lichen iri chepfu uye imwe yacho isiri, kunyangwe hazvo yakafanana mune zvimwe zvese.

Kudzidza kwemachenisi kutenderera pasirese

Uku kuwanikwa kunogona kuitwa mumachenesi eMontana kuti uone kuti nei imwe yaive chepfu kuzvipfuwo uye imwe yacho yakanga isiri, kunyangwe iine genome yakafanana. Zvisinei, Vatsvakurudzi vakatsvaga kuvepo kweiyo mbiriso mune lichen kutenderera pasirese. Kubva kuJapan kuenda kuAntarctica kuburikidza neLatin America kana Ethiopia. Sezvavaitarisira, chikamu chechitatu cheiyi hukama hwekufananidza hunowanikwa mune ese lichen pasi. Icho chikamu chakapararira chechiratidzo chakakurumbira chebiology.

Saka kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, patinotsanangura lichen, isu tinofanirwa kutaura kuti ihwohwo hukama hwekufananidza pakati pega, fungus uye mbiriso . Masayendisiti akambozviona pane dzimwe nguva, asi havana kuzviziva kare.