Zvirimwa zvine maitiro mazhinji ekuberekesa zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye mhando dzaanowanikwa. Imwe yemaitiro aya ekuberekesa ari kuburikidza spores. Zvisinei, izwi iri rinoshandiswa pazviitiko zvakawanda pasina kunyatso ziva mashandiro uye hunhu hwazvo. Munyika mune mhando dzakawanda dzezvipuka dzakarongedzwa zvakasiyana uye zvine mabasa akakosha ekupona kwezvimwe zvirimwa.
Naizvozvo, isu tichaisa iyi chinyorwa kukuudza iwe zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve spores, hunhu uye kukosha.
Mhando huru
Spores ndiwo masero ekubereka anokwanisa kuburitsa mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa nefungi. Mukana unopihwa nema spores aya senzira yekuberekesa ndewekuti vanogona kukamurwa zvakateedzana kudzamara vapedzisira vaumba mumwe munhu mutsva. Hunhu hunomiririrwa nespores ndewekuti iwo maseru asingade chero imwe mhando yemunhu kuti akwanise kunongedza nekuguma agadzira chirimwa kana fungus nyowani. Izvi ndizvo zvatinodaidza kuti asexual kubereka.
Kuti zvibereke uye zviparadzanise, idzi mhodzi dzinoshandisa zvivakwa zvinonzi sporangia. Tinoziva kuti papasi redu hazvisi zvese zvirimwa zvinobereka zvakafanana kana zvine maitiro akafanana. Rudzi rwekubereka urwu rwunosvika kunzvimbo idzodzo dzakaomarara kuti chirimwa chirarame kubvira mu havadi zvipembenene zvine pollinating iwo ari pamusoro pekutamisa mukume kubva kune chimwe chirimwa kuenda kune chimwe.
Iko kunowanikwa kupi?
Tichaongorora zvimwe zvezvirimwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinobereka nema spores. Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti zvirimwa zvisina vascular ndizvo zvechinyakare. Idzi ndidzo dzinoberekana kuburikidza nespores. Iyo ndiyo yechinyakare mashandiro inowanikwa muumambo hwezvirimwa kuti ikwanise kubereka uye nekuwedzera huwandu hwayo. Pakati pezvirimwa zvinoberekana kuburikidza nesporesi isu tine boka re bryophytes . Pano isu tine mosses, liverworts, uye hornworts.
Bryophyte inodyara
Mosses inowanzo gadzira micheka yakaoma uye gobvu inovhara huso hwevhu nepamatombo paanokura nekugadzirisa maRhizoid. Sezvatinoziva, zvirimwa izvi ndezvechinyakare uye hazvina midzi sekudaro, asi asi zvidiki zvidimbu zvinoshanda semidzi. Ivo akakosha zvakanyanya sezvo ivo vachibatsira kudzikisira kukurwa kwevhu. Kazhinji aya mosses anokura munzvimbo dzine mwero wakakwirira wehunyoro hwezvakatipoteredza uye Vanoda humidity imwechete kuti vararame. Izvi zvinoita kuti kukurwa kwevhu kushome uye ivhu riine hupfumi muzvinhu zvakasikwa.
Liverworts vanopihwa zita iri nekuti vane zvakafanana nechiropa chemunhu. Icho chimwe chirimwa icho, pamwechete nemamosi, chinowanzo gara munzvimbo hombe uye chinokura munzvimbo dzisina zuva uye dzakanyorova. Zvese zvirimwa zvinoda mwero wakakwirira wehunyoro kuitira kuti zvikure mune zvakanaka mamiriro. Pane rimwe divi, honye mhodzi ine zvirimwa zvine saizi diki kwazvo izvo hazvipfuure pakakwirira kupfuura masendimita matatu. Zvimiro zvayo ndezvechinyakare uye zvakapusa uye kune mashoma kwazvo marudzi anogona kuzvimiririra sezvo zviri kuwedzera kushomeka.
Pteridophyte zvinomera
Kune zvakare rimwe boka rezvirimwa rinokwanisa kubereka kuburikidza nema spores. Iri boka zvirimwa zvevascular uye vanoshandisa iyi nzira yekubereka kubvira havana maruva nembeu. Iyo inomiririra zvakanyanya pteridophytes ndiwo maferns. Ivo vanozivikanwawo nezita rezasi vascular zvirimwa sezvo, kunyangwe iine midzi, ivo havana kugadzirwa zvishoma kupfuura zvimwe zvakakwirira zvirimwa senge angiosperm zvirimwa uye gymnosperm zvirimwa.
Masporeti anorongwa sei zvinoenderana nechimiro nenzvimbo?
Spores inogona kuverengerwa zvinoenderana nebasa ravo, chimiro, mavambo ehupenyu kutenderera kana nekufamba kwavo:
Ngationgororei kuti ndeupi kupatsanura zvichienderana nebasa ravo. Kana isu tichiongorora fungi tinoona kuti vane multicellular spores iyo uve nemadziro makobvu semhedzisiro yekuberekesana. Inozivikanwa nezita rekuti chlamydospore. Isu zvakare tine chikamu chepabonde chinozivikanwa nezita rekuti zygospora, icho chinokwanisa kupatsanura kuburikidza meiosis apo mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anobatsira kumera.
Spores inogona kuverengerwa zvinoenderana nekwakatangira panguva yehupenyu kutenderera. Meiotic spore kana meiospore chibereko chemeiosis, zvinoreva kuti haploid uye ichagadzira haploid maseru kana vanhu. Ichi chimiro chehupenyu hwekutenderera kwezvirimwa uye algae. Mitospores inogadzirwa neiyo sporulation mashini uye inoparadzirwa asexually nekuda kwemitosis. Mazhinji mafungi anogadzira mafirosari spores kana mitoespores.
Chekupedzisira, isu tinogona kupatsanura spores zvinoenderana nekufamba kwavo kana motility. Motility iko kugona kwekufamba wakasununguka uye nekuzvimirira. Ma spores anopatsanuka zvinoenderana nekufamba kwavanogona kuita. Zoospores inogona kupfuura nepakati kana imwe flagella uye inogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe algae uye fungi. Kunyangwe autospores isingakwanise kufamba, havana mukana wekukudziridza chero kukuvara. Spores yakanyatso kubviswa kubva kune michero michero (senge fungi).
Algae uye mabhakitiriya ane spores
Algae inogona kubereka zvese pabonde uye asexually. Muchiitiko chekuberekwa kweasexual, ivo vanoshandisa spores yechinangwa ichi. Iyo yakapusa algae inoshandisa spores muchiitiko chinotakura zvakafanana kune iyo asexual kubereka nhanho yezvirimwa, uchishandisa mafungu egungwa panzvimbo mafungu emhepo ekuparadzira spores yavo mudunhu rese. Nenzira iyi, iyo algae nzvimbo yekugovera inogona kuwedzera uye kuvimbisa kukoloniwa kwenzvimbo.
Chekupedzisira, mamwe mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kubereka kuburikidza nema spores. Muzviitiko izvi, sero rega rega rinowanzo gadzira spore, uye vanoshandisa kubereka uku senzira yekupona munzvimbo isina kunaka, kwete senzira yekuzvara. Mamwe mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kukurudzira nyika yeporeti kuzvidzivirira kubva kupisa kupisa, kushaya chikafu kana mvura, kana kunyanyisa munyu, pH, kana radiation, nezvimwewo, pamusoro penguva yakati. Mimwe yeiyi spores inogara kwazvo nekufamba kwenguva uye inokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro akaipisisa.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve spores, hunhu uye mashandiro.