Kukho amasebe amaninzi enzululwazi akhoyo namhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zindala kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kwezonyango yi-botany. Abantu abaninzi baye baduma ngokufumanisa izinto ezintsha ezinxulumene nezityalo. Omnye wabo yayinguCarlos Linnaeus, isazi sendalo saseSweden Uyaziwa namhlanje njengoyise wezityalo zanamhlanje.
Kukho uphando oluninzi olwenziwe nguCarlos Linneo, kodwa Elona galelo libalaseleyo lendalo yendalo yinkqubo yokuhlelwa kwezityalo. Sisibizo esichazayo esibhekisa kuzo zombini iintlobo kunye nohlobo. ULinnaeus wayipapasha le nkqubo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-265 eyadlulayo. Ukongeza, yayiluncedo olukhulu ekuhleleni izilwanyana ngokunjalo, nangona ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunenkqubo yokwahlula awayeyisebenzisa kwizityalo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngale ndoda ibalaseleyo kunye nophando lwayo, funda njalo.
Wayengubani uLinnaeus kwaye wenza ntoni?
Ngo-1707 utata wexesha elizayo wezityalo wazalelwa eRashult, eSweden. UCarl Von Linné, owaziwa ngeSpanish njengoCarlos Linneo, wayengunyana womfundisi wamaLuthere kwaye wagqibela ngokubhalisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseLund, ebekwe eScania. Apho waqala khona izifundo zakhe zobugqirha. Wayeqeqeshwa ngugqirha odumileyo wexesha ogama linguKilian Stobaeus. Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eLund, uLinnaeus uthathe ithuba lokuziqeqesha kangangoko ngokufunda iincwadi kunye neekhabhathi kwithala leencwadi laseSobaeus.
Emva konyaka kwikhondo lomsebenzi, uCarlos Linneo watshintsha eyunivesithi waya eUppsala, apho aqhubeka khona nezifundo zakhe zobugqirha. Ndandidla ngokuya kwigadi yezityalo yaseyunivesithi kwaye wagqiba ukudibana nezinye izazi zendalo ezinje ngo-Olaus Celsius, Olof Rudbeck, noPeter Artedi.
UCarlos Linneo waqala ukuhamba kulo lonke elaseYurophu, efunda izilwanyana kunye neentyatyambo zamazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye esenza uphando. Siyabulela oku, iSweden yadibana nososayensi abaninzi abalulekileyo belo xesha. Abafowunelwa abatsha kuye kwafuneka babenakho ukudibanisa njengengcali yendalo.
Emva kokuhamba kakhulu, uLinnaeus waba ngunjingalwazi wezityalo kwiYunivesithi yaseUppsala. Apho wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kuyilo lwenkqubo yokuhlelwa kwezikumkani ezintathu zendalo. Wabeka imithetho yendlela yakhe kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Philosophia botánica" ngo-1751. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wapapasha incwadi entsha eyayiza kufikelela incopho kwiprojekthi yakhe: i "Species plantarum".
Wazalwa nini uLinnaeus kwaye wasweleka nini?
UCarlos Linneo, isazi semvelo sezityalo esidumileyo Wazalwa ngoMeyi 23, 1707 edolophini ekuthiwa yiRashult, eSweden. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yezifundo ezinzulu kunye nophando kwizityalo nezilwanyana zamazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu, uLinnaeus waba ngumgangatho kwibhotani. Ngokupapashwa kwemisebenzi emininzi yoncwadi kunye nenkqubo yakhe yokuhlela, waba yenye yezona nzulu zaziwayo zexesha lakhe. NgoJanuwari 10, 1778, lowo waziwa ngokuba nguyise webhotany yanamhlanje wasweleka eUppsala, eSweden.
Yintoni iLinnaeus theory?
Ngokuyinene, Ingcamango kaLinnaeus sisindululo sokuhlelwa kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Umsebenzi wokuqala owawunikezelwe koku wapapashwa ngo-1735 kwaye ubizwa ngokuba yi "Systema naturae". Kuyo, wazisa isindululo esitsha kwinqanaba le-taxonomic ukuze bakwazi ukuluhlula ngokufanelekileyo ubukumkani bezilwanyana, bezityalo kunye nezimbiwa.
Kwiminyaka kamva, ngo-1751, uCarlos Linnaeus wapapasha enye incwadi eyayinesihloko esithi "Philosophia botanica", eyayiza kuthi ekugqibeleni ibe ngowona msebenzi wakhe unefuthe. Ngeli xesha ubanga ukuba inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwendalo inokwenziwa ngesiseko sobuthixo, esingaguqukiyo kunye nendalo yoqobo yazo zonke iintlobo. Yintoni egqithisile, ibonakalise ukuba izityalo zizivelisa ngokwabelana ngesondo kwaye zathiya iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zentyatyambo. Ngolu bhaqo, uCarlos Linnaeus wakwazi ukwenza iskim se-taxonomic esebenzisa amalungu esini ezityalo. Ukulungiselela le nto wasebenzisa i-stamen ukumisela iklasi kunye ne-pistil yomyalelo.
Ngaphandle kwale mpumelelo, uCarlos Linneo wasungula indlela asebenzise ngayo igama lakhe elibiza amagama izityalo ezithile. Ukuze ukufezekise, ukhethe igama lohlobo kunye nelinye igama lodidi. Igalelo lakhe kulonyulo lwesilwanyana nalo lalibalulekile. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yahlukile kuleyo yezityalo, kuba izilwanyana zabhenela kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nokwakheka kwangaphakathi.
Inkqubo yeLinnaean iyasetyenziswa ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziphilayo zahlulwa ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya zemfuza, kuba zizinto ezilawulayo zokubonakaliswa kwezinto zeatomical.
"Iintlobo zezityalo" nguCarlos Linneo
Ngo-Meyi 24, 1753, uCarlos Linnaeus wapapasha umqulu wokuqala we "Species plantarum". Le ncwadi yingqokelela yazo zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezaziwa ngumbhali omnye, ngubani ngelo xesha wayengomnye wezona zityalo zibaluleke kakhulu. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayezakupapasha ezinye ii-editions ezimbini ezinokuthi ziqulathe ulwazi olongezelelekileyo kunye nezilungiso kwiinguqulelo zangaphambili.
Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba lo msebenzi ugqame yinkqubo yokuhlelwa esetyenziswa nguCarlos Linneo. Oku kwaququzelela ukufunyanwa kwezityalo. Ngenxa yoku, ukumiselwa kwesampulu kuhamba kunye nehlelo elalisekwe kwigama lesibizo. Ngokufanelekileyo: Amagama amabini abhekise kuzo zombini iintlobo kunye nohlobo lwesityalo. Kwangelo xesha inkqubo yokuhlelwa kukaLinnaeus iseke amaqela ahlukeneyo eendidi ezinxulumene noko okanye iindidi zerhafu, ikwahlula izityalo ngokwamaqela, iiodolo, udidi, kunye neentlobo.
Phambi kokupapashwa kwe "Species plantarum", uCarlos Linnaeus wayevela kude njengengcali yendalo. Ngohambo olwahlukeneyo ebomini bakhe wadibana nezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ngelo xesha. U-Linnaeus wagqibela ngokuba yingcali yezityalo kumaziko ohlukeneyo enzululwazi e-Europe. Ngale ndlela wazenzela igama njengososayensi ocwangcisiweyo kwinto eyayise Yurophu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
UCarlos Linneo kunye nefuthe lakhe kwihlabathi lezityalo
Ukugxekwa okwafunyanwa nguCarlos Linneo ngencwadi yakhe ethi "Species plantarum" kwakulungile. Iingcali zezityalo ezinkulu zelo xesha, njengesiNgesi uWilliam Watson, bawuncoma umsebenzi wakhe. NgokukaWatson, Umsebenzi owenziwe nguLinnaeus uya kwamkelwa njengobugcisa bobugqwetha obupheleleyo bexesha lonke, ubuncinci ziingcali zezityalo ezazifunde inkqubo ecetywayo yiSweden.
Ngokumalunga nokuchazwa kwegama nokuhlelwa, UCarlos Linnaeus wayengowokuqala wendalo ukuba afake isicelo segama elibizwa ngokuba yi-binomial nomenclature Zombini kwibhotani nakwizilwanyana. Yayinguye owamisela uNdikhoyo Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama esiLatin nawesiLatin asemthethweni kwilizwe liphela kwiintlobo ezininzi zezityalo nezilwanyana. Ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wakhe, wongeza imifanekiso kunye neenkcazo.
ULinnaeus wazibeka njani izinto eziphilayo?
Ukwahlulwa kwendalo ekuqaleni bekusekwe kwinani elikhulu labalinganiswa abanxulumene noko. Nangona kunjalo, indlela kaLinnaeus isekwe kusetyenziso loonobumba abambalwa abakhethiweyo bokwenza amaqela ahlukeneyo. Ukwenza le nkqubo yokuhlela, UCarlos Linneo wayesekwe kwinani elipheleleyo lezitho zesini ezinazo iintyatyambo, Oko kukuthi, i-stamens kunye neepistil. Ngo-1735 wapapasha incwadi ethi "Systema Naturae", apho athi thaca le nkqubo intsha yokuhlelwa ngokwesondo.
Isazi sendalo saseSweden sichaza izityalo nge-angiosperms, i-phanerogams okanye ngeentyatyambo kwiiklasi ezingama-23 zizonke, kuthathelwa ingqalelo amalungu abo obudoda, abizwa ngokuba zii-stamens. U-Linnaeus waqaphela amanani abo kunye nokuphakama kwabo kwaye wahlawula ingqalelo ukuba babekhululekile okanye amajoni. Ke, xa isityalo sasinestamen esinye kuphela yayiyiMonandria, ezimbini yayiyiDiandria, njl. Ngokubhekisele kwizityalo ngaphandle kweentyatyambo ezibonakalayo, zazingezeklasi yama-24, ii-cryptogams. Ngokubhekisele kwizityalo ezinamalungu ababhinqileyo, abizwa ngokuba ziipistils, xa inye kuphela zazinguMonogynia, ukuba zazineDigynia ezimbini, njl. Emva koko, ii-odolo zahlulwahlulwahlulwa ngokwendidi, zaza ezi zenziwa zeentlobo.
Ngokumalunga negama elithile, oku kwakusetyenziselwa ukuchonga nokwahlula isityalo ngasinye. Ukufezekisa oku, ihlelo lithetha umahluko ophrintiweyo phakathi komnye nomnye wabo. Ukwenza ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ufumaneke kwiingcali nakubaphengululi, uCarlos Linnaeus wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngesiLatin sobugcisa obusuka e-Europe kumaxesha aphakathi kunye namaXesha obuDala. Isiphakamiso esibalulekileyo esenziwe nguLinnaeus ngelo xesha sisiseko segama lezilwanyana kunye negama lezityalo.
Enkosi kuphando kunye nomsebenzi obaluleke njengokaCarlos Linneo okwangoku sinolwazi oluninzi malunga nehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, kuninzi okunokufunyanwa kunye nokuphuculwa. Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji esijongana nayo ivumela iNzululwazi ukuba iqhubele phambili ngakumbi nangakumbi mihla le. Nangona zisekhona iingcinga ezininzi kunye neembono ezisaqinisekisiweyo, umntu ngokuthe ngcembe usondela kwiimfihlelo ezigcinwa yindalo yonke.
Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo kwaye likufundise. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi malunga nezinto ezinkulu esele zenziwe, ukuze ulandele ekhondweni labantu abaphambili njengoCarlos Linneo. Mhlawumbi, ngenye imini, sinokuba ngabo ukufumanisa into entsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingaziwa kude kube ngoku.