Ukuba unike ingqwalasela kwiklasi yebhayoloji, ngokuqinisekileyo uvile malunga neendawo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo. Kucace gca ukuba umhlaba wezityalo mkhulu. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo, nganye ineempawu zayo. Kaloku, ezinye zazo zinamalungu okuzala. Nangona bengasebenzisi indlela efanayo ekuveliseni njengoko senzayo, isiseko siyafana: bavelisa imbewu kunye nalo lonke ulwazi lwemfuza oluya kuthi ekugqibeleni luvelise into entsha ephilayo. Iziduli zentyatyambo zinendima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo.
Bazintoni? Benze ntoni? Nangona abaninzi baya kube bevile ngeli gama lezityalo, ayinguye wonke umntu oya kukwazi ukuphendula le mibuzo. Yiyo loo nto siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sichaze zithini iziqu zentyatyambo, zihlelwa njani kwaye yintoni imisebenzi yazo. Ngamafutshane: Yonke into ofuna ukuyazi. Kwimeko apho unomdla kulo mbandela kwaye ningabathandi be-botany, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda, kuba ngokwenene ingcamango esisiseko kwihlabathi lemifuno.
Yintoni i-stamens kunye ne-pistil?
Njengoko abanye benu besenokuba sele besazi, kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo kukho iintyatyambo eziyindoda kunye nezinye iimazi. Aba bamva banelungu labo lokuzala, elibizwa ngokuba yi<em>pistil. Ngokuqhelekileyo inokwakheka okufana ne-acorn kwaye idla ngokufumaneka kumbindi wentyatyambo. Kwimeko yeentyantyambo ze-hermaphroditic, oko kukuthi, ezo zinezitho zamadoda nabasetyhini, zihlala zijikelezwe yi-stamens.
Kodwa zithini iziqu zentyatyambo? Ewe, ukuba ipistil lilungu lomfazi, istamens ngamalungu endoda. Aba ngabathwali bezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-pollen sacs. Kuzo, iinkozo ze-pollen zenziwa, ziyimfuneko ekuveliseni kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-pollination yolu hlobo lwezityalo. Zonke izitampu zentyatyambo zenza iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-androecium. Kufuneka kuthiwe zombini i-angiosperms kunye ne-gymnosperms zinestamens, kodwa i-morphology yazo iyingqayizivele kuwo omabini amaqela. Nangona kunjalo, sinomdla kwi-stamens yeentyatyambo, oko kukuthi, i-angiosperms.
Kolu hlobo lwezityalo, i-stamens ine-anther, apho iinkozo ze-pollen zenziwe. Ngoko ke, yinxalenye echumileyo yelungu lobudoda lentyatyambo. Le anther idla ngokwenziwa zitotali ezimbini zethecae, eziziingxowa zomungu. I-theca nganye iqulethe i-microsporangia ezimbini, ezidibanayo ukuze zenze i-locule enye xa i-theca ifikelele ekuvuthweni.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba I-stamens engenazintsholongwane zikwakhona. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii<em>staminodes kwaye zibonakala kuphela kwiintyatyambo ezithile. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifihlwe kakuhle kwaye zifana ngokusondeleyo ne-stamens eqhelekileyo. Zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo edla ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi obethayo weepetali okanye ukuveliswa kwe-nectar. Basenokubonisa ngokulula uphawu olwahlukileyo phakathi kweentlobo, njengoko kunjalo kwi-genus I-Pahiopedilum (iiorchids), umzekelo. Ukongeza, ngamanye amaxesha banokuba nesakhiwo esifana ne-anther engasebenzi. Kwezi meko zibizwa ngokuba yi-anterodia.
Zihlelwa njani i-stamens?
Emva kokuba sicace malunga nokuba zeziphi ezi zitho zeentyatyambo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho amaqela ahlukeneyo azo. Istamens zentyatyambo zinokuhlelwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: i-connate kunye ne-adnate. Ezangaphambili ziphawulwa ngezi zidityanisiweyo okanye zidityaniswe kwi-spiral efanayo. Kweli qela, kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo:
- i-diadelphos: Zidityaniswe ngokuyinxenye zibe zizakhiwo ezibini zobudoda.
- Monadelphos: Zidityaniswe kwisakhiwo esinye esiyintlanganisela.
- Polyadelphia: Badityaniswe ubuncinane kwizakhiwo ezithathu zobudoda.
- IiSynanthereans: Kuphela anthers, njengoko I-Asteraceae, zigqalwa njengezonxibelelwano.
Kwelinye icala sineqela le-adnate. Kule meko, i-stamens idibene okanye idityaniswe kwii-whorl ezininzi, hayi nje kwenye. Kwakhona apha kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo:
- Didinamos: Zivela kwinani elipheleleyo lezibini kwaye zinobude obahlukeneyo.
- ii-eppetals: Zivela kwi-whorl yangaphakathi yentyatyambo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-corolla, eyenziwe ngamagqabi.
- Iingcaphephe: Zigqithise i-corolla.
- Ifake okanye iqukiwe: Abagqithi kwi-corolla.
- ephumayo: Zinde kune-corolla.
- I-Tetradynamos: Zivela kwiqela elenziwe ngemicu emithandathu, apho ezimbini zifutshane kunezinye.
Umsebenzi westamens wentyatyambo
Ngoku sele sisazi ukuba zeziphi izitali zentyatyambo kwaye zihlelwa njani, lixesha lokuba sihlomle ngomsebenzi wazo. Ewe, njengoko sele sichazile ngaphambili, la ngamalungu angamadoda ezityalo zeentyatyambo. Ngoko ke akumangalisi oko umsebenzi wayo kukuvelisa ngokutsha isityalo.
Istameni sinoxanduva velisa kwaye ugcine umungu; equlethe lonke ulwazi lwemfuza yesityalo ekuthethwa ngaso. Ngaphandle kwemveliso kunye nokugcinwa kwayo, la malungu akwanceda ukuyihambisa kwi-ovary yentyatyambo yasemazi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba a imbewu, kubalulekile ukukwazi ukwenza ukuveliswa kwayo.
Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yestamens entyatyambo ngulo ukutsala i-vectors okanye i-pollinators. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba badla ngokufana neepetali, bebetha kakhulu. Noko ke, emehlweni abantu azisoloko zinomtsalane kangako. Kukho ezinye iintyatyambo apho i-stamens kunzima ukuyichaza, ubuncinane kuthi. Kodwa izinambuzane okanye iintaka zinokuzibona ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Ukuze kwandiswe amandla ayo okutsala ingqalelo ye-pollinators, ezinye stamens zide zivelise incindi. Kodwa yintoni kanye le? Isisombululo se-liquid esinezinga eliphezulu le-amino acids, iiswekile kunye nee-ion zamaminerali, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Lo mxube utyebileyo ngezondlo utsala izilwanyana ezininzi, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuvelisa ngempumelelo esi sityalo, ngenxa yendlela yokudluliselwa kwepoleni.
Ukuqukumbela sinokuthi i-stamens ngamalungu abalulekileyo kwizityalo zentyatyambo. Ngaphandle kwabo bekungeke kwenzeke ukwenza ukuveliswa kwemvelo, ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu. Ke ngoku uyazi: banakekele!