Izityalo zinokuba nefungi ezihlala kuzo kodwa zingenalo naluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi kwaye azibangeli mpawu zibonakalayo. La makhowa aziwa njenge endophytes. Ezi zizidleleli ezibamba isityalo kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu malunga ne-endophytic fungi kunye nomba obalulekileyo wobudlelwane bolu hlobo lokungunda kunye nezityalo ezisingathiweyo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ezi fungi ziyakwazi ukuhlala kwisityalo ngaphandle kokubona naziphi na iimpawu zesifo. Ukubaluleka kwabo kubudlelwane obukhoyo kunye nesityalo apho kubanjwe khona kukuba ezi fungi ziyakwazi ukuvelisa i-bioactive metabolites. Ukongeza, banokuguqula iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela isityalo. Ke, I-endophytes inokunyusa ukusinda kokubini kunye nesityalo.
Ezi ntsholongwane ziya ngokuya zibalulekile kwaye, ke ngoko, kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga nazo. Kukho ezinye izifundo zamva nje ezijolise ekubonakaliseni amandla abo okuvelisa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo. Ezi zinto zinoxanduva lokonyusa ukhuseleko lwesityalo apho zihlala khona. Ngombulelo kukhuseleko lwayo, inokuchasana ngakumbi nokuhlaselwa ziintsholongwane kunye notyani obutyiwayo. Oku kwenza ukuba izityalo zisebenze ukuze zibenendlela entsha yokufumana izinto ezingaphambili okanye iimolekyuli ezinokusetyenziswa kwezolimo nakwezamayeza.
Njengoko kulindelwe, ukuba siyakwazi ukukhulisa izityalo ngokuchasene kakhulu nezitshabalalisi kunye nezifo, sinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ze-nitrogen, i-herbicides, i-pesticidesnjl. Oku kuyakuthetha ukuphucuka kokusebenza kwezolimo kunye nokuhla kweempembelelo ezinazo kungcoliseko lwamanzi.
Ezi fungus ze-endophytic zii-microorganism ezichitha ixesha elininzi zithatha izicwili ezahlukeneyo zesityalo. Izifundo zichaza ukuba ezi ntsholongwane azibangeli monakalo ubonakalayo kwisityalo. Oku kungenxa yomanyano phakathi kweendleko kunye noncedo lwento efunyanwa sisityalo ekubambeni ii-microorganisms. Zifunyenwe kuzo zonke izityalo ezinemithambo, ubulembu, ubulembu kunye nengca kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikufuphi neArctic ukuya kwiitropiki. Ziye zafunyanwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezolimo.
Singatsho ukuba okwahlukahlukana kukhulu kwindalo ephilayo nakumahlathi akweleenjiko. Ewe, kubonisiwe oko Kwezi zityalo kukho isixa esikhulu sefungi endophytic.
Ukubaluleka kwefungus endophytic
Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ifundwe ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-endophytic fungus kunye nesityalo sokubamba. Olu hlobo lobudlelwane lunokwahluka ukusuka kutualism ukuya kwi-pathogenesis. Kubudlelwane bemvisiswano kukho isibonelelo kwinxalenye yazo zombini izinto eziphilayo. Zombini izibonelelo zokungunda ngokubamba isityalo kunye nesibonelelo senzuzo kwifungus ehlala kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sihlalutya i-pathogenesis sinokubona ukuba ukungunda kuyanceda kodwa isityalo senzakele.
Kubudlelwane obukhoyo kuzo zombini izinto eziphilayo sinokubona ukuba i-metabolites yesibini iveliswa enokuba yityhefu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezinye fungi endophytic zinokuvelisa izinto ezinobungozi. Kwelinye icala, isityalo sonyusa imveliso yazo zombini iindlela zoomatshini kunye nokhuseleko lwebhayoloji. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwento ethandabuzekayo kwicandelo lomngundo kunye nokonyuka kokuzikhusela kwinxalenye yesityalo kuthetha ukuba bobabini banolwalamano olulinganayo lokuchasana. Oku kuthetha ukuba zombini zivelisa ubudlelwane obuzuzisayo. Olu bhalansi luxhomekeke kubunzulu bentsholongwane yokungunda, isixa sokhuselo esinaso isityalo.
Ezi zinto zinokwahluka okwahlukileyo kuxhomekeka kwimpembelelo yemo engqongileyo kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lwazo zombini izinto eziphilayo. Ubudlelwane bobuqabane benzeka xa ubungqwabalala bokungunda kunye nokukhuselwa kwesityalo kuhambelana ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuba ngundo Inamandla ngakumbi kunokuba isityalo sikwazi ukuzikhusela, isityalo esonakeleyo siya kuba njalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba isityalo sinokukhusela okuphezulu, i-fungus ayiyi kukwazi ukuhlala kwisityalo ixesha elide.
I-ecology ye-endophytic fungi
Kwaye kukuba la makhowa anendima ebalulekileyo kwindalo. Okwenziwa zezi fungi xa zibamba isityalo kuthatha izondlo kunye nokukhuselwa kuso. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokuphila kwindawo efanelekileyo ukuze bakwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona. Ngokwazisa ukuba sisityalo kunokusinceda kuba sonyusa ukunyamezelana noxinzelelo. Ukongeza, ngokuvelisa i-metabolites yesibini ngobu buhlobo, inika ukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nokuchasana nesityalo ngokuchasene nengca kunye ne-phytopathogenic microorganisms.
Ifungus endophytic ekwaziyo ukuvelisa ezinye i-metabolites zesekondari ezithintela i-pathogen ethile okanye enye i-endophytic fungi. Esi sisizathu sayo sokuba kukhuphiswano oluthile. Nangona kunjalo, azinakho ukuthintela ezinye izinto kwindawo enye. Kukho izinto ezithile zokungunda ezingapheliyo ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezinye iintlobo ezihlala macala onke kubo. Ngokwesiqhelo ezi ntlobo zikhuphisana kuzo zombini indawo kunye nezondlo.
Obu budlelwane buqwalaselwe ikakhulu ngokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-endophytic fungi kunye nengca. Kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya izityalo ezahlukeneyo ezinemithi, nokuba ziyimithi okanye izihlahla, eli thuba khange lenzeke rhoqo. Oko izifundo zizama ukuyiqinisekisa kukuba ingaba i-endophytic fungi iyakwazi na ukuba negalelo ekukhuseleni umphathi wokubamba ngokuchasene nezinto ze-biotic. Ezi zinto zibandakanya ii-pathogen kunye ne-herbivores. Kwenziwe iinzame zokujonga ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuba nokhuselo olukhulu ngokuchasene neearhente ze-abiotic. Ezi arhente ziqokelela i-saline kunye noxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nobukho bezinyithi, phakathi kwabanye.
Kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi endophytes zinokufaka isandla kukhuseleko lwesityalo ngezi ndlela:
- Ngqo: basebenzisa i-metabolites yesibini kunye nomsebenzi we-antipathogenic.
- Ngqo: zandisa ukubonakaliswa kweendlela zombini zokukhusela imichiza kunye nokomzimba kwesityalo.
- Indalo: Kungenxa yokuhlala kwe-niche yendalo. Baziphatha njengamarhamncwa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-endophytic fungi.