Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ebomini kwimo yasemanzini yi ezinamanzi amnyama. Luhlobo lwento ephilayo ye-pelagic autotrophic engakwaziyo ukuphikisa isenzo semisinga kwaye, ke ngoko, ixhaphake phantse kuzo zonke iindawo ezinamanzi emhlabeni. Uninzi lwezi zinto ziphilayo zineseli enye kwaye ziqhutywa yimisinga yolwandle. Zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezendalo kuba zingabalimi abaziintloko. Oku kuthetha ukuba zisisiseko sewebhu zokutya zommandla wamanzi.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-phytoplankton.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Kuba ezi zinto zisisiseko setyathanga lokutya, zifumaneka phantse kuwo onke amaqonga amanzi kwiplanethi nakulo lonke ikholamu yamanzi. Uxinano lwabantu luguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nezinye izinto ezichaphazela imeko yolwandle. Ezi zinto ziphilayo zinokwenza izinto ezixineneyo zexeshana Ziyaziwa ngegama leentyatyambo, turbid okanye bloom. Zonke ezi ziqhuma apho iipytoplankton zininzi khona zinokukwazi ukuguqula imeko yeekhemikhali zamanzi apho zifunyenwe khona. Ngale ndlela, sifumana amanzi atyebile kwizakhamzimba kwaye anezinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo kunye nezinye ezihlwempuzekileyo.
Zizinto zobukumkani beChromist, ke baziwa ngokuba zii-eukaryotes. Olunye lweempawu zabo eziphambili kukuba babonisa ii-chloroplast ngohlobo a kunye no-c chlorophyll. Ngombulelo kule klorophyll yokuba ikwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesisi kwaye isebenze njengokutya kwezinye izilwanyana kwindalo. Zizinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular kunye ne-microscopic ngobukhulu. Abanakoyisa imisinga ke ngoko banwenwela ngokubanzi kuyo yonke indawo ephilayo yasemanzini apho bafumaneka khona.
Ukuze iphotosynthesize kunye nokondla, ifuna amandla elangeni. Ke ngoko, nangona inwenwela kwikholamu yamanzi ininzi ngakumbi kwicandelo lepelagic. Okokuthi, kwindawo ephezulu kakhulu yamanzi kukho uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-phytoplankton. Ukuze siphile, sinokuxhomekeka ekukhanyeni esikuthintela ukuba siphile kwindawo apho ukukhanya kwelanga kungena kwindawo ezinamanzi. Ngaphaya kwezi ndawo, kufutshane nolwandle, ingxinano yalo iphantsi kakhulu okanye ayikho.
Abameli eziphambili phytoplankton
Abameli eziphambili phytoplankton - diatoms, dinoflagellates kunye coccolithophores. Siza kuhlalutya ukuba zeziphi ezona mpawu ziphambili:
- Iidatom: Zizinto eziphilayo ezineseli enye ngamanye amaxesha ezisebenza njengezidalwa zekoloniyali. Babonakaliswe ngokuba nokudideka okunokuba ludonga olunzima lweseli. Yenziwe ikakhulu ngesilica. Iidayatom zihlala phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zasemanzini kunye nezo zingenamanzi kodwa zifumile kakhulu.
- Dinoflagellates: Zizinto eziphilayo ezineseli enye ezinokuthi okanye zingazenzi iikholoni. Uninzi lwazo zizinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic kwaye zinodidi a kunye no-c chlorophyll. Umahluko phakathi kwee-dinoflagellates kunye ne-diatom kukuba kukho ezinye ii-heterotrophs kunye nezinye ezizezizimeleyo. Oku kubangela ukuba kukho ezinye zazo ezifuna ukufumana ukutya kwenye into ephilayo. Uninzi lwazo zilwandle, nangona ezinye zihlala emanzini amnandi. Uninzi lwazo ziphila simahla nangona kukho ezinye iintlobo ezinxulunyaniswa nezinye izilwanyana ezinje ngeekorale. Olona phawu lwayo luphambili kukunikezela ngeeflagella ezimbini ezingalinganiyo. Ngale flagella banokwenza intshukumo ye-oscillatory kwaye bahambe kwikholamu yamanzi.
- IiCocolithophores: zii-microalgae ezingacacanga ezigutyungelwe zizakhiwo zekhalsiyam carbonate. Ezi zakhiwo zifumana imilo yesikali ebenza babe nemilo ekhethekileyo. Bahlala kuphela kwiindawo zolwandle kwaye ababonisi isibetho ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba.
Amanye amacandelo phytoplankton cyanobacteria. Ezi ziiprokaryotic eziphilayo ezinokwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesize kodwa zineklorophyll a Banobuchule bokulungisa i-nitrogen kwaye bayiguqulele kwi-ammonia. Eyona ndawo bahlala kuyo ngamachibi kunye namachibi, nangona zinokufumaneka elwandle nakwezinye iindawo ezifumileyo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-phytoplankton
I-Phytoplankton idlala indima enkulu kubomi bendalo kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo. Owona msebenzi uphambili kwezi zinto ziphilayo yokomeleza ubomi kunye nolwalamano olusekhoyo kwityathanga lokutya. Oku kuthetha ukuba ugcino lwaselwandle olugqithisileyo olubangela ukunyamalala kwephytoplankton okanye ukuncitshiswa kwayo kunokuchaphazela yonke indalo iyonke. Bayakwazi ukuguqula amandla elangeni, kwikharbon diokside kunye nezakhamzimba ezingaphiliyo zibe yimixube ye-organic kunye neoksijini. Ngale ndlela, ayibobomi kuphela kummandla wamanzi ozinzileyo, kodwa iplanethi ngokubanzi.
Iseti yonke yephytoplankton imele malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi yonke. Le micimbi yendalo kukutya kweentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi kunye nezingenamqolo. Ukongeza, ayincedi nje ukugcina ubomi kodwa inoxanduva lokuvelisa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seoksijini yesijikelezi-langa. Kungenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukwenza ifotosinthesize. Ezi zinto ziphilayo ziyaziwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yomjikelo wekhabhoni.
I-Phytoplankton ikwanokusetyenziswa kwezinye kuseto lweshishini nakwiklinikhi. Iindidi ezininzi ze-microalgae zisetyenziswa kwi-aquaculture ukondla imibungu yezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi kunye ne-shrimp ekukhuliseni. Kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga nokubakho kwe-microalgae njenge-biofuel. Oku kunokunceda ukuvelisa iintlobo ezithile zezibaso ukunciphisa ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Olunye usetyenziso lwephytoplankton Kukwonyango lwendalo, izithambiso kunye ne-biofertilizers kwiintlobo ezininzi zezolimo ze-hydroponic. Okokugqibela, ukubaluleka kweklinikhi ye-phytoplankton kusekwe kubukho bezinongo kwindawo ethile kwaye isetyenziswa zezinye iintsholongwane ngokunyusa iseli ngokukhawuleza. Ezinye iintlobo zeephytoplankton ezinjengeedinoflagellates zinokuvelisa ityhefu kwaye iintyatyambo zazo zaziwa njengamaza abomvu.
Isondlo sePhytoplankton
Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni isondlo se-phytoplankton. Yahluke kakhulu, nangona ifotosinthesisi yinto eqhelekileyo kuwo onke amaqela. Uhlobo lokutya olukhoyo kwezinye izinto zezo zinakho ukuvelisa ukutya kwazo. Kwimeko yezinto ezithile ezenza i-phytoplankton, siyabona ukuba ukukhanya kwelanga kusetyenziselwa ukuguqula izinto ezingaphiliyo zibe zizinto eziphilayo ezisetyenziswa zodwa.
Enye inkqubo ye-autotrophic yenziwa yi-cyanobacteria. Ezi ziyakwazi ukulungisa initrogen kwaye ziyiguqulele kwi-ammonia.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sine-heterotrophy. Yindlela yokutya apho izinto eziphilayo zixhomekeke kwinto esele yenziwe. Ngale ndlela, ngezinto esele zenziwe, banokufumana ukutya kwabo. Phakathi kweyona mizekelo isisiseko yeheterotrophy esinayo kwangaphambili, parasitism kunye nokondla ngokutya. Ezinye izinto ze-phytoplankton zibonisa olu hlobo lwesondlo. Enye yazo zii-dinoflagellates. Zinezinto ezithile eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukudlala kwezinye iidinoflagellates, iidiatom, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Okokugqibela, siza kuhlalutya imixitrophy. Yimeko eyahlukileyo yokuba ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinakho ukufumana ukutya kwazo zombini ezi nkqubo. Ezinye iintlobo zeedinoflagellates Bayakwazi ukudibanisa ukufumana ukutya ngefotosinthesisi kunye neheterotrophy.
Ukuzaliswa kwePhytoplankton kwakhona
Ezi zinto ziphilayo kufuneka zivelise ukuze kwandiswe uluhlu lwazo kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Izinto eziphilayo zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuzala. Oku kubangelwa kukuba kukho ukwahlukahlukana kweentlobo kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle koku, ukuba sahlulahlula-hlula kwakhona kukho izinto ezibanzi, siyabona ukuba zimbini iindlela eziphambili: i-asexual kunye nokuzala ngokwesondo.
Ukuveliswa ngokwesini yenye into apho inzala yayiyimfuza yomzali omnye. Iimidlalo azibandakanyekanga apha. Akukho mahluko wee-chromosomes kwaye zezona zixhaphakileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezingafaniyo nezinye. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, Uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo ze-phytoplankton zizinto ezineseli enye. Phakathi kwamaziko okuzala ngokwesondo sine-fission kunye ne-budding. Kweyokuqala, i-DNA iphindaphindwe ngeseli yokhokho kwaye emva kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cytogenesis, ukwahlulwa kwecytoplasm kwenzeka. Oku kunika iseli ezimbini nangaphezulu zeentombi.
Inkqubo yesibini yokuvelisa i-asexual iyaphuma. Apha ukwakheka kwehluma kwenzeka kuhluma kumntu omdala kwaye kukhule kuyo. Itya izondlo zomzali kwaye xa umntu sele efikelele kubungakanani obuthile, iqala ngokuzimela.
Ngoku siza kubona ukuba kunjani ukuzala ngokwesondo kwi-phytoplankton. Inzala ifunyanwa kwinto yokudityaniswa yemfuza yeeseli ezimbini zesini okanye iigetet. Banokuvela kumzali omnye nakumzali owahlukileyo. Ezinye iintlobo zepytoplankton ziphinda zivelise ngokwesondo ezinje nge ii-dinoflagellates phantsi koxinzelelo oluthile lokusingqongileyo.
Kule hlobo lokuvelisa kwakhona, i-zygote yenziwa ngenxa yomdibaniso wabantu ababini. Omnye umzekelo wokuvelisa ngokwesondo ziidatom. Le nkqubo ivela i-mitosis kwaye enye yeentombi ezithandayo zentombazana ziphela zincinci kuneeseli zangaphambili. Njengoko le nkqubo isenzeka, ubungakanani beeseli zeentombi buyehla buye bufikelele kubuncinci bendalo. Ukusuka apho, inkqubo yokuzala ngokwesondo iqala ukubuyisela ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo beeseli zabemi.
I-Phytoplankton kunye ne-zooplankton
Kufuneka sazi ukuba iplankton ngokubanzi inezinto zombini eziphilayo. Sele sithethile malunga nokuba yintoni i-phytoplankton kwaye kubaluleke kangakanani kwiplanethi. Ngoku siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni i-zooplankton kunye nokubaluleka kwayo nokungafani kwayo. Ezi zizilwanyana zasemanzini ezinobukhulu obuncinci okanye obukhulu. Njengakwizityalo ezincinci ezenza i-phytoplankton, zihlala zihlala zimisiwe kwikholamu yamanzi.
Banokuba nabantu abadala abanezibungu ezincinci kunye namaqanda. Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezikhoyo ngaphakathi kwi-zooplankton esiyifumanayo Iicopepods, cladocerans, rotifers, cnidarians okanye ketognaths phakathi kwabanye. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi kunye neemollusk nazo ziyi-planktonic. Nangona kunjalo, kunjalo kuphela ngexesha labo lokumilisela. Inesakhono sokukhula kunye nokukhula kwinqanaba lokubanakho ukudada ngokukhululekileyo. Siyakhumbula ukuba zombini i-phytoplankton kunye ne-zooplankton ayinakuxhathisa imisinga yamanzi kwaye iyahlanjwa. Amandla abo okuqubha alinganiselwe.
Amanzi sibona umzekelo wejellyfish njengenxalenye ye-zooplankton. Sithathela ingqalelo ukuba i-jellyfish sele inkulu kwaye, nokuba kunjalo, bayarhuqeka ngenxa yolwandle. Kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba i-zooplankton ifumana amandla ngokufaka ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kwakhona Banokufumana amandla ngokusetyenziswa kwephytoplankton, ezinye ii-zooplankton ezincinci okanye ibacterioplankton.
Mhlawumbi umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo inokuba kungabikho zixhobo ze-autotrophic kwi-zooplankton. Zizilwanyana ezondla ngandlela thile kodwa kwi-heterotrophy. Enye yeenguqu ezikhoyo kwi-zooplankton kwindawo enokutshintsha kwaye yi-phytoplankton uqobo. Siyazi ukuba, ngokuxhomekeke kutshintsho kwezi zityalo, ukwakheka okupheleleyo kwezilwanyana ezenza i-zooplankton kunokuguqulwa. Konke oku kunokuba nako Iziphumo ekufumaneni iintlanzi kunye nenqanaba lokunyibilikisa izinto eziphilayo.
Emva koko, konke oku kunokuchaphazela uxinzelelo lweoksijini ekhoyo kulwandle. Kukho izifundo ezininzi zokwakheka, ubuninzi kunye nokusasazwa kwe-zooplankton ezivumela ukuchaza imeko yolu hlobo loluntu ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibini. Ndiyabulela koku, ulwazi oluninzi lunokufumaneka kwindalo yendalo kwindawo yasemanzini.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-phytoplankton kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.