Xa sithetha nge a i-ikhosistim Sithetha ngendawo emiselweyo apho iiseti zamacandelo zinxibelelana notshintsho lwento namandla. Izinto eziyinxalenye ye-ecosystem zinokuphila okanye zingaphili. Yonke iplanethi inxibelelene kwaye inxulumene ngandlela thile kwaye ukuze uqonde konke oku kunxibelelana kunye nobunzima, umntu umisela indalo ibe ziiyunithi ezilawulwayo. Kwi-ecosystem ungafunda lonke ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele ukuba yintoni i-ecosystem, zithini izinto zayo kunye neentlobo eziphambili.
Yintoni i-ecosystem
Xa sisithi uhlobo ngalunye luhlala kwindalo kungenxa yokuba lufumaneka kwindawo apho kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ngolu nxibelelwano Umba kunye namandla kungatshintshwa kwaye kukho ibhalansi egcina ubomi njengoko sisazi. Isimaphambili i-eco-yongezwa njengoko ibhekisa kwiindawo zendalo ngokupheleleyo.
Singatsho ukuba kwinqanaba lendalo, ezinye iikhonsepthi zenziwe, ezinje nge-biome ebhekisa kwindawo ebanzi ebandakanya indalo eyahlukeneyo ethotyelwe kwiindawo ezithintelweyo. Kwinkqubo yezendalo, unxibelelwano olukhoyo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nendalo esingqongileyo luyafundwa. Singatsho ukuba isikali sendalo sisahluka kakhulu kuba sinokuthetha ngehlathi njengendawo yokuhlala kunye nedike elinye lamakhowa, ikwayinkqubo eqhelekileyo. Ke, Kuphela ngumntu ochaza imida yeendawo eziza kufundwa.
Ngokwesiqhelo imimandla yahlulwa ngokweempawu zazo kuba zohlukile kwabanye. Ukuba sibuyela kumzekelo ukusuka ngaphambili, ichibi lasehlathini lineemeko ezahlukileyo zokusingqongileyo kunendawo yomhlaba yehlathi. Esi sizathu sokuba ibambe iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo nezilwanyana kwaye zibe nezinye iimeko zeemeko.
Ngale ndlela, sinokubona ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezahlulwe ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Singathetha ngendalo yendalo kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo. Kule yokugqibela kukho ungenelelo lomntu.
Izixhobo zecosystem
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi izinto ezahlukileyo ezinayo i-ecosystem kwaye inxibelelana nezinto ze-abiotic kunye ne-biotic. Zonke ezi zinto zifunyenwe kwiwebhu enobunzima bokutshintshiselana ngokuqhubekayo kwezinto kunye namandla. Makhe sihlalutye iinkcukacha ezithe kratya:
- Izinto ze-Abiotic: xa sibhekisa kula macandelo sibhekisa kuwo onke la malungu awenzayo kwaye angenabomi. Sinokuthi zizinto ezingezizo ezokuzalwa okanye izinto ezingenanto ezinjengamanzi, umhlaba, umoya kunye namatye. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye izinto zendalo ezinje ngemitha yelanga, imozulu yendawo kunye nezinto zakudala kunye nenkunkuma ekwajongwa njengezinto ze-abiotic.
- Izinto eziphilayo: ezi zezi zibandakanya zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo kwindalo. Zingaba ziibacteria, archaea, fungi okanye nasiphi na isityalo okanye isilwanyana, kubandakanya nabantu. Inokushwankathelwa ngokuthi zizinto zobomi.
Iindidi kunye neempawu
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nemivimbo ebanzi ekhoyo emhlabeni. Banokwahlulwa babe ngamaqela amakhulu ama-4 kwaye kulandelayo:
- Izidalwa eziphilayo zasemhlabeni: zezo apho unxibelelwano phakathi kwamalungu e-biotic kunye ne-abiotic aqhutyelwa kuwo okanye ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Siyazi ukuba emhlabeni umhlaba uyindalo eqhelekileyo kuba uyakwazi ukuxhasa nokukhulisa ukwahluka okukhulu. Imixokomelwano yokuphilisana kwendalo ichazwa luhlobo lohlaza olumiselweyo kwaye, emva koko, ezi zimisela ngokweemeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nohlobo lwemozulu. Utyani bunoxanduva lokunxibelelana nendalo enkulu.
- Izinto eziphila emanzini: zezo zibonakaliswa ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba izinto eziphilayo kunye nebiotic zinxibelelana emanzini alulwelo. Singatsho ukuba ngolu hlobo zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, ezinamanzi anetyuwa kunye neenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezinencasa. Ezi zokugqibela zihlala zahlulwe, zona, zaba ilentic kunye ne-lotic. Iilentic zezi zinamanzi acothayo okanye amileyo. Zihlala zingamachibi kunye namachibi. Kwelinye icala, iilotto zezo zinamanzi akhawulezayo afana nemilambo kunye nemilambo.
- Izinto ezixubeneyo zendalo: zezo zidibanisa ubuncinci iindawo ezimbini, ezomhlaba nezamanzi. Nangona imeko yomoya ojikeleze umoya kwezi ndawo ziphilayo ikwachaphazeleka kwimeko ezininzi, izinto eziphilayo kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi komnye nomnye nokusingqongileyo. Inokwenziwa okwethutyana okanye ngamaxesha athile, njenge-savanna enezikhukula okanye i-várzea jungle. Apha siyabona ukuba izinto ezinobuchwephesha bezinto eziphilayo ziintaka zaselwandle kuba zisemhlabeni, kodwa zixhomekeke elwandle ngokutya.
- Inkqubo yendalo: ibonakaliswa ikakhulu kukutshintshiselana ngento kunye namandla ashiya angene kwindalo kuxhomekeke ngokusisiseko emntwini. Nangona kukho izinto ezithile ezithi zibandakanyeke kwindalo, ezinje ngemitha yelanga, umoya, amanzi nomhlaba, ubukhulu becala zilawulwa ngabantu.
Eminye imizekelo
Siza kudwelisa eminye yemizekelo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo.
- Ihlathi elinamafu: luhlobo lwe-ikhosistim enendibaniselwano entsonkothileyo yezinto apho sifumana ukwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo ezenza ukutya okuntsonkothileyo. Imithi iqhuba imveliso ephambili kwaye zonke izinto eziphilayo ziphinda zisetyenziswe xa zisifa zibola kumhlaba osehlathini.
- Iingqaqa zecoral: Kule ecosystem eyona nto iphambili kwicandelo le-biotic zii-coral polyps. Ingqaqa ephilayo isebenza njengesiseko sebandla lezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
- IVárzea jungle: luhlobo lwehlathi elenziwe lithafa lozakuzo elikhukuliswa ngamaxesha athile. Ikhula ngaphakathi kwi-biome eyaziwa ngokuba lixabiso elishisayo. Yenziwe yindawo exubeneyo yendalo apho isiqingatha sonyaka i-ecosystem ingaphezulu komhlaba kwaye esinye isiqingatha ikakhulu sisemanzini.
Olahlekileyo kolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-ecosystem kunye nokuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.