Zithini ii-bryophytes

Ubukumkani bezityalo kukho ukwahlula okubanzi okuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zazo. Olu luhlu lulandela iphethini yokuntsokotha kuphuhliso lwesityalo esele sisebenza kwindaleko. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngodidi lokuqala lwezityalo ezilula ngaphandle kwezicwili zemithambo iibryophytes. Ngaphakathi kwee-bryophytes kukho ubulembu.

Kule nqaku siza kuxela zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu zebryophytes.

Ukwahlula kwi-botany

Siza kuqala ukunika uphononongo oluncinci lokuhlelwa kwezityalo kwi-botany ukubeka ii-bryophytes. Eyokuqala esinayo zizityalo ezingenazo izicwili zemithambo. Ezi ziibryophytes kwaye idityaniswe ubukhulu becala ngobulembu. Ezi zilandelayo zizityalo ze-vascular ezaziwa ngokuba nezicubu ibizwa xylem kunye phloem. Ngaphakathi kwezi zityalo zemithambo yahlulwe yaziwo ezingenazo iintyatyambo okanye iimbewu ezibizwa ngokuba ziiferns kunye nazo zonke ezo zineentyatyambo nembewu eyi-spermatophytes.

Ukuba siqhubeka ngokuhlelwa singabona ukuba abo banama-ovules ahamba ze kunye nembewu ine-endosperm ephambili yaziwa ngokuba zii-gymnosperms. Kwii-gymnosperms sinee-cycads kunye nee-conifers. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ii-ovules zifakwe kwi-carpels enye okanye ezingaphezulu oko kubizwa ngokuba zii-angiosperms. Ngaphakathi kwee-angiosperms kukho ii-monocots ezaziwayo kunye ne-dicot.

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-bryophytes

Nje ukuba siphonononge ulwahlulo, ngoku singagxila kweyona nto iphambili kwiibryophytes. Ezi zityalo azinazo iimpahla ze-vascular ngoko ke zizityalo ezilula kakhulu. Xa sithetha ngemithambo yemithambo, asibhekiseli kuloo mijelo apho isityalo sikwazi ukuhambisa amanzi kunye neeminerali ezisebenza njengokutya kwesityalo. Eli qela lezityalo lelona qela libaluleke kakhulu kwizityalo ezingekho semithanjeni ezikhoyo.

Kuba abanazo ezi zithambo zemithambo, abanakufezekisa ubukhulu obukhulu. Ke, zonke izityalo zebryophyte zincinci ngobukhulu. Ukuba kuyinyani ukuba banokusasazeka kwiindawo ezinkulu kodwa bangaze baphakame. Ezi zizityalo ezininzi ezinee-chlorophyll ukuze zikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize.

Zonke ii-bryophytes zineziqu eziluhlaza kunye namagqabi azo. Amagqabi ayahluka ngokwee-shades ukusuka koluhlaza oqaqambileyo ukuya kobona luhlaza mnyama. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuthi siqwalasele ii-bryophytes ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zibe selubala.

Ngokubhekisele kwimeko apho ii-bryophytes zikhula khona, sinokuthi bafuna indawo enomswakama okhethekileyo. Le meko ilungele ukuba isityalo sikhule kwaye sivelise ngokufanelekileyo. Akuqhelekanga ukuba ikhule kwimihlaba ephantsi yokufuma, kodwa inokuba njalo. Ngokungazivezi iingcambu ngolu hlobo, indlela yokufumana amanzi, iityiwa ziyenza ngokungathi sisiponji. Oko kukuthi, ufuna isixa esikhulu samanzi kwimeko-bume yakho ukuze ukwazi ukufaka amanzi emzimbeni wakho. Ngokubanzi sifumana ezi zityalo kwi umhlaba onamatye, amaxolo emithi, kwiingcambu zezinye izityalo nakwimihlaba efumileyo.

Ulwakhiwo kunye nokuzaliswa kwakhona kwee-bryophytes

Ubume bezityalo zezi zityalo zilula. Zizityalo ekudala zikhona kwiplanethi yethu. Ubume buhambelana ngokufanayo ukusukela ayinamalungu ahlukeneyo njengengcambu, isiqu namagqabi, njengezinye izityalo. Njengoko zingenazo iimpahla zemithambo, azinangxaki xa kufikwa kufundo ukuba sizithelekisa nezityalo eziphucukileyo.

Ngokumalunga nokuzala, banokuvelisa ngeendlela ezimbini: i-asexual kunye nesondo:

• Ukuzaliswa ngokwesondo: Olu hlobo lokuvelisa kwakhona apho isityalo sivela khona kwiigethi zeduna eziya kuba noxanduva lokuchumisa i-gamete yabasetyhini. Umanyano lwazo zombini iigametes lolona lubangela i-sporophyte kwaye iya kuhluma kwisityalo esitsha.
• Ukuveliswa kwakhona ngokwesini: lolunye uhlobo lokuzala apho nayiphi na indawo yesityalo sikwazi ukuvelisa umntu omtsha. Le yinto eyenziwayo okuninzi kwigadi kunye nokusika. Kule meko, ezinye esinokuzifumana kolu hlobo lwezityalo zinokubangela ukuba isityalo sifane nomzali ukuba sidibana nomphezulu apho sinokukhula kwiimeko ezilungileyo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba inomswakama ngokwaneleyo kwaye iyabambelela ukuze ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nendawo entsha.

Iindidi zebryophytes

Ezi zityalo zincinci zilula zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu ama-3: ubulembu, isibindi kunye neeanthoceropsids. Siza kubhala amaqela amathathu amakhulu ukuze siyiqonde ngcono.

Ubunzima

Ubulembu budala iingubo ezixineneyo apho isityalo ngasinye sinesakhiwo esincinci. Esi sityalo sincinci sinemisebenzi efanayo naleyo yeengcambu. Ngombulelo kubukho bezizityalo, zinokubamba kakuhle emhlabeni kwaye zinokubonakala okufanayo nasezinweleni.

Enye yeenzuzo zokusingqongileyo ezinama-bryophytes kukuba anceda ukuthintela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba olufumanekayo. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, Ezi mosses zingaphila kwiindawo ezinamatye ezihlala zichanabeke kukhukuliseko lomhlaba ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezityalo. Ezi zityalo zibonisa umgangatho wendalo kuloo ndawo banokuhlala kuyo. Kungenxa yokuba bafuna umgangatho othile wamanzi ukuze bakwazi ukukhula. Ke ngoko, ukuba sibona ubulembu kwindawo ethile, siyazi ukuba amanzi aya kuba nomgangatho olungileyo wokugcina ukufuma okwaneleyo kwaye isityalo sinokukhula ngokuchanekileyo.

I-Hepatic

I-Liverworts ibizwa ngokuba ifana nesibindi somntu. Bafuna iindawo ezinomthunzi kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Ezi zityalo zisasazeke kuwo wonke umhlaba zidala iingubo ezincinci zezityalo ezincinci.

Iintsholongwane

Ezi zizityalo ezincinci kakhulu ezinesakhiwo esilula kakhulu. Ezi zityalo azidluli nakwiisentimitha ezi-3 ukuphakama.

Njengoko ubona, kukho izityalo ezilula kakhulu ezingasetyenziselwa ukuhombisa okanye ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza igadi. Kuyinyani ukuba ukuba sinerockery egadini yethu, ubulembu bungabonisa umgangatho olungileyo wokugcinwa kwegadi yethu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-bryophytes.