Izityalo zichitha amandla amaninzi ukuvelisa iziqhamo zazo, kwaye kubo kuzalwa isizukulwana esitsha. Ubungakanani, umbala, kunye nokumila kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, kunye nendlela ezisasazwa ngayo. Umzekelo, abo banemilinganiselo emincinci baya kuthuthwa zizilwanyana ezincinci okanye ngumoya kunye / okanye iikhosi zamanzi (imilambo ngokubanzi, kodwa ingalulwandle).
Ngaloo ndlela, Kuyo yonke indaleko yemfuza yazo zonke izityalo ibiyila iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziqhamo, ukubanika iimpawu ezonyusa amathuba okuba, kuqala, ukugcina imbewu ihleli ixesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye okwesibini, yokuyisa kwindawo enokuntshula kuyo.
Zithini iziqhamo?
Umfanekiso-Wikimedia / Philmarin
Isiqhamo lilungu elivela kwimbali, kwaye sinembewu de bagqibe inkqubo yabo yokuvuthwa. Nje ukuba benze, umsebenzi wabo iba kukusasaza, oko kukuthi, ukubasusa kude kubazali babo ukuze bakwazi ukuhluma, kuba ukuba abenzanga njalo, xa behluma baya kukhuphisana nabazali babo kwaye ngenxa yoko amathuba okusinda aya kuncitshiswa ngaloo mzabalazo.
Ukuba sithetha ngokwemiqathango yezityalo, isiqhamo sesichumiso esivuthiweyo nesivuthiweyo. Udonga lwayo luyatyekiswa ukukhusela imbewu, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-pericarp. Rhoqo ezinye iinxalenye zeentyatyambo zinegalelo ekukhuleni kwayo, njengecalyx okanye isitya.
I-Angiosperms, oko kukuthi, izityalo ezidubulayo, zazigqibele ukubonakala, ngexesha leCretaceous (malunga neminyaka eyi-130-140 yezigidi eyadlulayo), kodwa ngenxa yeziqhamo zazo zikwazile ukuba nempumelelo enkulu kunee-gymnosperms, kuba ezi zingakhuselekanga iimbewu zabo ukuze babe nethuba elincinci lokufikelela phambili.
Ngaba iigymnosperms zivelisa iziqhamo?
Okwangoku unokuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba ii-gymnosperms, oko kukuthi, iipayini, ii-cypresses, kwaye ekugqibeleni zonke izityalo ezingenazo iintyatyambo zivelisa iziqhamo. Njengokuba, impendulo yalo mbuzo ayikho, kuba ukuze isiqhamo sikhule kufuneka kubekho intyatyambo kwaye ine-ovary evundileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, izakhiwo ezithile, ezinje ngeekhoni okanye iikhowuni, zihlala ziphosakele ngenxa yeziqhamo, kodwa enyanisweni azinjalo. Ngapha koko, imbewu yayo, kule meko amantongomane ompayini, ayikhuselwanga.
Iindidi zeziqhamo
Zininzi iintlobo zeziqhamo, zininzi kangangokuba zinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa kalukhuni, kufuneka bohlulwe ngokobubi babo; Oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni zivula ngokuzenzekelayo okanye hayi.
Kuxhomekeke kwindlela evulwa kwaye ikhutshwe ngayo imbewu, siyahlulahlula ezi ntlobo zeziqhamo zeziqhamo:
- I-Biscida: yenzeka xa iintlobo ezimbini ze-dehiscence zidityanisiwe.
- Ukwaluka: kuxa indawo epical eludongeni lwesiqhamo iqhekeka.
- Foraminal: ziziqhamo ezinemingxunya ephuma ngayo imbewu.
- I-sutural elula: yile ivulwa yi-carpelar suture yayo.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabini: yile ivula kumacala ayo amabini.
- Amazinyo: xa, ngokwahlulahlulahlula inxalenye yee-carpels, amanye amazinyo ayenziwa.
- I-Placenticide: luhlobo lwesiqhamo oluvuleka kwinxalenye ephakathi yeeplascenta.
- I-Septicide: yenzeka xa iindonga ezakha i-septa zahlukile.
Iindidi zeziqhamo ngokuxhomekeke kwinani leendawo zeentyatyambo ezivela kuzo
Iziqhamo ezilula
Iziqhamo ezilula zezo zenziwe ngepistil. Oku kunokuba ne-carpels enye okanye nangaphezulu, kodwa ihlala i-fused. Kwelinye icala, i amandongomane endehiscent, ezo zingazikhuphi iimbewu; ezo zivela kwi-ovary enokuthi okanye ingavuleki xa ikhulile; Amandongomane azivulela wona akuba egqibile ukuvuthwa; kwaye i yinyama.
Iziqhamo ezintsonkothileyo
Iziqhamo ezintsonkothileyo zezi zenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentyatyambo. Ngaphakathi kweli qela sine Amanqaku ewonke Ezi zezi zenziwe ziziqhamo ezininzi ezikhula kwintyatyambo enye, ezinje ngamakhiwane okanye amaqunube ngokomzekelo.
Iindidi zeziqhamo ngokwenani lee carpels ezizenzileyo
Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ivela kwikhaphethi enye okanye ininzi, siyifumana Iziqhamo zemonocarpic okanye iziqhamo IPolycarpic. Ezokugqibela ezinye zahlelwa ngokwendlela yezi carpels, ngakumbi, ukuba zenziwe nge welding, kwimeko apho ziziqhamo ezi-syncarpic, okanye hayi (apocarpic).
Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba nangona zininzi iindlela zokwahlula iziqhamo, zininzi ezinokuchazwa ngeendlela ezimbini nangaphezulu ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iziqhamo zinokuba lula kwaye zibe zi-foraminal, okuthetha ukuba inepistil enye kwaye inemingxunya yokuphuma apho imbewu iphuma khona xa sele ikhulile.
Imizekelo yeziqhamo
Ukugqiba, siza kubona eminye imizekelo yeziqhamo:
- Iingqimba: ziveliswa ngumthi ICastanea sativa. Ezi ziqhamo zinee-dehiscent eziqulathe amantongomane amathathu ubuninzi, kwaye zimalunga neesentimitha ezintathu ubude.
- Umhla: sisiqhamo esiveliswa ngumthi wesundu IPhoenix dactylifera. Ezi zijikijolo ezinobume oblong okanye obune-ovoid obulinganiswa phakathi kweesentimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-9, kwaye ziqulathe imbewu
- Strawberry: sisiqhamo esintsonkothileyo, esenziwe ziiachenes ezininzi eziba yinyama xa sele zivuthiwe. Iveliswa sisityalo UFragaria vesca.
- imango: yidrupe eveliswe ngumthi Mangifera indica. Ubungakanani bayo buyahluka, bujikeleze okanye bubude, kwaye bunobunzima phakathi kwe-50 gram ukuya kwi-2 kilos.
- Banana: Ngumqolo oveliswa zizityalo zohlobo Musa. Inobume obugobileyo, obude, kwaye iqokobhe layo lihlala limthubi, luhlaza okanye mdaka ngombala.
Zeziphi ezinye iintlobo zeziqhamo ozaziyo?