Ihlabathi lezityalo ligcwele izinto ezimangalisayo nezimangalisayo. Indlela izityalo eziye zavela ngayo ukuze ziqhelane kwaye zivelise kwakhona iyamangalisa ngokwenene. Oku kuboniswa ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zomvumvuzelwano, apho izityalo zikwazi ukuphila kwaye ziqhubele phambili nokuzala okungaqhelekanga. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, sisihloko esinomdla kakhulu.
Okulandelayo siza kuphawula ngakumbi ngenkqubo yokudluliselwa kwepoleni. Siza kucacisa indlela eveliswa ngayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo, kungekuphela nje kwizityalo, kodwa kwiplanethi iphela. Ngaphandle koko, Siza kuthetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomvumvuzelwano ezikhoyo. Ukuba unomdla kulo mbandela, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
Yintoni impova?
Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomvumvuzelwano ezikhoyo, siza kuqala sicacise ukuba yintoni kanye kanye le nkqubo. Kulungile, ukudluliselwa kwepoleni kwisityalo ngokwesiseko yinkqubo yebhayoloji ekuthi ngayo umungu oveliswa zizakhiwo zamadoda zezityalo zithuthwa zisiwe kwiindawo ezibhinqileyo. Ezi zinokufumaneka kwisityalo esinye, ukuba nje eso sityalo sinamalungu omabini kunye/okanye iintyatyambo. Kodwa i-pollination iphinda iqhutywe phakathi kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo, xa zineentyatyambo zamadoda okanye abafazi kuphela. Ndilindele ukuba, kwimeko yokugqibela, inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-cross-pollination.
Kufuneka kuthiwe le nkqubo enomdla yinqanaba lokuqala lokuzala kwezityalo. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba owona msebenzi uphambili we-pollination ngokucacileyo Inyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba izityalo ziyasinda kwaye ziyavela ngenxa yokuzala. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nesi sihloko, ndincoma ukuba ujonge eli nqaku lijongene nalo yintoni ukuchumisa kwezityalo.
Kwenzeka njani ukuvuzwa kwezityalo?
Njengoko sikhe saphawula ngaphambili, yonke inkqubo yomvumvuzelwano Kubalulekile ukuba izityalo zenzeke. ngaphandle kwazo babengenakuphinda bavelise kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, siza kuphawula ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni kanye kanye le nkqubo iqulathe.
Kuvuvuzelo lwendalo, Ukuthuthwa kwePollen kuqhutywa yi-abiotic kunye ne-biotic agents. Ezi ziqinisekisa ukuba ii<em>gametes ezingamadoda, oko kukuthi, umungu, ezifumaneka ekuqaleni kwistamens zeentyatyambo, zinokuqhamisa iigete okanye ii-ovules zamabhinqa ngokuwafaka kwipistil yeentyatyambo.
Njengoko ngokuqinisekileyo uya kucinga, ukuthunyelwa kwemvumvuzelo kuneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba le nkqubo. Ezi ziphuhliswe zizityalo ngokwazo kunye nee-agent ezihambisa ipoleni. Umzekelo omhle wenkqubo yokudluliselwa kwepoleni eyenziwa zizinambuzane yimeko engakholelekiyo ye Ophrys bombyliflora, eyaziwa ngokuba yibumblebee orchid. Imibala yazo kunye nobume bayo ifana kakhulu nemizimba yeemazi zezinye iintlobo ze-bumblebee, kungoko igama labo. Ngombulelo koku kufana, le ntyatyambo iyakwazi ukutsala iinyosi zamadoda. Ezi, zithe ngcu phezu kwentyatyambo, zizalisa imizimba yazo egqunywe ngeenwele ngomungu othi ekugqibeleni ziwuthuthe kwezinye ii<em>orchids. Kwaye le yindlela olu hlobo lwesityalo luvelisa ngayo.
Zeziphi ezi 4 iintlobo zomvumvuzelwano?
Ihlabathi lezityalo ligcwele iinkqubo ezimangalisayo kunye nezicwangciso. Umzekelo omhle ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zomvumvuzelwano ezikhoyo, esiza kugqabaza ngazo kweli candelo. Siyakwazi ukwahlula le nkqubo ngendlela ekwenziwa ngayo. Iya kuba luhlelo olulandelayo:
- Uvuvuzelo lomoya: Iqhutywa ngumoya.
- Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Hydrophilic: Kwenzeka ngamanzi.
- Uvuvuzelo lweZoophilous: Kwenziwa zizilwanyana.
Kweli qela lokugqibela, i-zoophilic pollination, i-subgroups ethile iyahlula ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, enokuba yeyona idumileyo kuzo zonke: i-entomophilous pollination, leyo iqhutywa zizinambuzane. Kukho amawaka ezinambuzane ezithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokudluliselwa kwepoleni kwizigidi zezityalo ezahlukeneyo ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezingenakubalwa ze-ecosystem kwiplanethi yonke.
Ngaphandle kolu luhlu, singakwazi ukwahlula iindidi ezine eziphambili zomvumvuzelwano, esiya kuthi sihlomle ngazo apha ngezantsi:
- Umnqamlezo
- Ngqo
- endalo
- Artificial
Ukuvundiswa komnqamlezo
Masiqale nge-pollination enqamlezayo. Yintoni lo mfo? Yenziwa njani? Kaloku, kolu hlobo lokudluliselwa kwembewu, iinkozo zomungu zithwalwa ukusuka kwintyatyambo yesinye isityalo ukuya kwintyatyambo yesinye. Yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yi "crusade". I-pollen ithuthwa ukusuka kwesinye isityalo ukuya kwesinye ngokusebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-vector yangaphandle. Oku kunokuba yi-abiotic kunye ne-biotic. I-cross-pollination ikhona xa iintaka ezifana ne-hummingbirds okanye amalulwane zibandakanyeka kule nkqubo; izinambuzane ezinjengeenyosi, oonomeva namabhabhathane; umoya okanye amanzi. Kweli qela likhulu singabandakanya zonke iindidi esiye saphawula ngazo ngaphambili: i-Anemophilous pollination, i-hydrophilic pollination kunye ne-zoophilic pollination.
Olu hlobo, i-cross-pollination, luyimfuneko kwiimeko apho amalungu angamadoda nabasetyhini azikho kwikopi enye, kodwa naxa ezi zivela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngexesha lokukhula kwesityalo. Eminye imizekelo yabo iya kuba iamangile, ivatala kunye ubhekilanga. Kodwa kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezingakumbi ezifuna i-cross-pollination ukuze zikwazi ukuzala.
umvumvuzelwano oluthe ngqo
Phakathi kweentlobo ezine eziphambili zomoya, ukudluliselwa kwepoleni ngokuthe ngqo nako kuyagqama, okwakwaziwa njengokuzichumisa okanye ukuzisasaza ngokwakho. Kwezi meko, umungu ukhutshelwa ukusuka kwimbova yentyatyambo ukuya kumabala entyatyambo. Eyona nto iphawuleka kakhulu ngale nkqubo kukuba i-pollen grain ifikelela kuphela kwindawo ethile ukuya kwenye, ngaphandle kwe-intermediary vector, njengoko kwenzeka nge-cross-pollination.
Iindidi zezityalo ezenza i-pollination ngqo okanye i-self-pollination Babizwa ngokuba yi-autogamous. Inzuzo enkulu yolu hlobo lwe-pollination kukuba iintlobo zezityalo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ngaphandle kobukho be-pollinators yangaphandle. Kwakhona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba phantse akukho pollen echithwa ngolu hlobo, ekubeni imigama ehanjwa ngamakhozo idla ngokuba mifutshane kakhulu. izityalo Autogamous ziquka, umzekelo, i imbotyi, imango, indongomane kunye neeertyisi.
uvuvuzelo lwendalo
Ngoku makhe sithethe ngendalo yomvumvuzelwano. Njengoko kulindelekile, yinto eyenzekayo ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu, oko kukuthi, ngokwemvelo. Zonke ezo meko ze-pollination ngokuthe ngqo, ezibandakanya i-anemophilous, i-hydrophilic kunye neentlobo ze-entomophilic ze-pollination, zithathwa njengemizekelo ye-pollination yendalo.
Emva kweminyaka emininzi yendaleko, iintlobo zezityalo baye bafumana indlela yokuthutha i-pollen ngendlela yendalo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngaphandle koncedo lwabantu ukukwazi ukuvelisa, ukufezekisa iimfuno ezithile. Zonke iintlobo zomvumvuzelwano esithe saxoxa ngazo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zenzeka ngokwemvelo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwethu.
ukudluliselwa kwembewu eyenziweyo
Ngokuchaseneyo novuvuzelo lwendalo, sinovuvuzelo olungelwemvelo, olukwabizwa ngokuba lusasazo lwezandla. Njengoko uya kucinga ngokuqinisekileyo, le nkqubo iyenzeka ngongenelelo lomntu. Enyanisweni, kwenzeka xa sithatha indawo yendalo ngexesha lale nkqubo kwaye silawula ukuzala kwezityalo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwenza le nkqubo ngesandla ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa izizathu ezibini:
- xa kukho dzimbalwa kakhulu ii-pollinators zendalo kwindawo ethile, apho isityalo sezolimo sikhoyo.
- Xa sifuna thintela utshintsho kwiimpawu ezithile ukuba luvele yesityalo esithile.
Kodwa ufezwa njani lo msebenzi? Ilula kodwa inzima ngokwezixa ezikhulu. Kubalulekile ukukhupha iintyatyambo ukukhusela ukufika kwe-pollinators yendalo. Kufuneka siqokelele i-pollen kwi-stamen kwaye siyidlulisele kwi-stigma. Kule nto sinokusebenzisa ibrashi, umzekelo. Emva koko kufuneka ugqume iintyatyambo kwakhona de zibe zichumisile.
Ukubaluleka kokudluliselwa kwepoleni
Ngalo lonke olu lwazi, kuya kuba sele kucacile kuthi ukuba yintoni i-pollination kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kubukumkani bezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ayibalulekanga kwizityalo kuphela, kodwa nakuthi. Ndiyabulela kubo ibhalansi ye-ecosystem iyagcinwa kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ebantwini. Asimele silibale ukuba imveliso yezolimo ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwi-pollination yezityalo. Ngaphandle komvumvuzelwano, izityalo ezitsha bezingenakubakho. Ngaphandle kwezityalo ezitsha, thina nezilwanyana ezitya utyani besiya kuswela ukutya. Ngenxa yokunyamalala kwezilwanyana ezitya uhlaza, izilwanyana ezitya inyama nazo zinokuchaphazeleka kakubi.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu ze-pollinators zithanda zombini ulungelelwano lwendalo ye-ecosystem kunye nezityalo. Ngale ndlela, kwizinto eziphilayo zendalo kunye nezolimo, ukomelela kunokuphuhliswa ngokusebenzisa i-biodiversity ye-pollinators ekhoyo kuzo. Umsebenzi wabo we-ecological kunye nokuphendula kwabo kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo kwenza ukuba kwenzeke imingcipheko ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu iyancitshiswa. Le nkcukacha ibaluleke kakhulu, kuba i-ecosystem yangoku neyexesha elizayo isongelwa ngamandla ngulo mba.
Njengoko ubona, i-pollination ayibalulekanga kuphela kwizityalo, kodwa nakwiplanethi yonke. Ngoko ke, kufuneka sikhathalele kwaye sihloniphe i-ikhosistim.