Cretaceous, ixesha apho kubonakala khona izityalo.
Ukuvela kwezityalo sisifundo esinomdla, kuba amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka sele edlulile kulwelwe lokuqala oluhlaza ukuya ekubonakaleni kweentlobo zale mihla. Kodwa ukuba sigxila ekuphandeni ezo zivelisa iintyatyambo kwaye zikhusele imbewu yazo kwisiqhamo, amava olwazi anomdla ngakumbi ukuba kunokwenzeka, kuba namhlanje uninzi lwezityalo ezihombisa iigadi zethu kunye namakhaya anezi mpawu.
Ngesi sizathu, abaphandi abayi kuyeka de basombulule onke amathandabuzo avelayo kwaye avelayo namhlanje. Enkosi koku, namhlanje siyakwazi ukuba zazinjani iintyatyambo zangaphambili.
Yintoni izityalo ezidubulayo?
Ezi ntlobo zezityalo ziyaziwa Iinkqubo. Elo ligama elivela kwisiGrike, kwaye lenziwe nge-angión (kuthetha iglasi okanye i-amphora), kunye nesperm (imbewu). Ngamanye amagama, ii-angiosperms zezi zityalo zikhusela imbewu yazo kwisiqhamo. Kodwa ukongeza koko, zihlala zivelisa iintyatyambo ezibonisa kakhulu.
Kukholelwa ukuba baqala indaleko ngexesha leCretaceous, malunga neminyaka eli-140 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha kwakungeke kube lula kuye nawuphi na kuthi ukuba asinde, kuba uMhlaba wawulawulwa ziidinosaurs, kwaye imozulu yayifudumele kakhulu kunanamhlanje, ngakumbi ekuqaleni nasephakathi kwexesha, xa iqondo lobushushu ulwandle olushushu lwaluphakathi kwe-9 ne-12ºC ngaphezulu kunoko kungoku.
Ngemozulu efudumeleyo, izinambuzane zazikwazi ukukhula zize zahluke, into engathandabuzekiyo 'eya kunyanzela' indalo ukuba ifumane ezinye iindlela zokuziqhelanisa nendalo. Enye yezo ndlela yayikukuvela kweentyatyambo ezinemibala enomtsalane, iimilo kunye / okanye amavumba kwezi zinambuzane. Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, zombini izityalo ze-angiosperm kunye nezilwanyana (ngakumbi iiherbivores kunye ne-omnivores) zikwazile ukuvela ngokukhawuleza, zilungelelanisa ngcono kwaye zibengcono kwindawo ababehlala kuyo.
Zazinjani iintyatyambo zokuqala?
Umfanekiso-CNRS
Okwangoku, sinethamsanqa lokuba sikwazi ukuhlala kwiplanethi apho kukho ezinye ze-300.000 zeentlobo zezityalo ze-angiosperm ezihlala kwindawo ethile emhlabeni. Imithi, izihlahla, iintende, i-bulbous, i-herbaceous, izityalo ezinyukayo, ii-cacti kunye ne-succulents, ... kwigadi yeziqhamo.
Kodwa amanye amathandabuzo anomdla wokusombulula yile: yayinjani intyatyambo yokuqala? Ziziphi iimpawu zayo? Ngaba ikhangeleka njengezinye iintyatyambo zale mihla? Ewe, kuvela ukuba isifundo sipapashwe kwijenali yesayensi indalo, ibonisa enye ethi, masithembeke, intle kakhulu.
Ukuze ube nembono engaphezulu okanye encinci malunga nokuba babenjani, Into eyenziwa ngabaphandi yayikukudibanisa iimodeli ezininzi zokuzivelela kwezinto kunye noluhlu lwedatha yangoku yeentyatyambo. Iintyatyambo ezimbalwa ezenzelwe isifundo, umzekelo, ezo zomngcunube, umagnolia, inyibiba okanye i Intaka evela eparadesi.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba intyatyambo yokuqala yayingu-hermaphroditeOko kukuthi, yayinamalungu omabini abesilisa nabasetyhini, kwaye oko amagqabi ayo alungiswa kathathu. Ngokumalunga nobukhulu kunye nombala, kunzima ukuxelela. Ngedatha abayisebenzisileyo, kubonakala ngathi ibimhlophe, kwaye iphakathi, inokuba ziisentimitha ezi-3-4 ubukhulu, kodwa njengoko benditshilo, ngaphandle kolwazi oluthe kratya olu lusengumbono nje.
Ifunyenwe phi eyona ntyatyambo indala?
Umfanekiso - Wikimedia / Luis Fernández García
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sithethile ngovavanyo lwenzululwazi, kodwa… ngoku masiqhubekeke siye kwintsalela yefosili. Yayiphi intyatyambo yokuqala? Ungothuka: Iintsalela ezivunyiweyo zentyatyambo yokuqala zifumaneka eSpain, ngokukodwa, kwingingqi yeentaba phakathi kweLleida neHuesca, kwiNkqubo yeIberia kunye neSierra del Montsec.
Igama layo lenzululwazi ngu UMontsechia vidalii, kwaye ngokwe-a kufunda olwenziwe ziiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengeBarcelona, kwaye zapapashwa kwiNkqubo zeSizwe seSayensi seSayensi, bayifumene loo nto waphila iminyaka eyi-130 yezigidi eyadlulayo, nakwiCretaceous ngokunjalo. Ukwazi ncam ubudala bayo, iimpawu zayo nendlela yayo yokuphila, iingcali zahlalutya ngaphezulu kwe-1000 yeefosili, kwaye zazi ukuba yeyona inomdla, kuba yayingenazo iipetali okanye ii-sepals, kodwa yayineziqhamo ezazisebenza njengokukhusela imbewu, yiyo loo nto ithathwa njenge-angiosperm.
Kwakhona, wakwazi ukuphila phantsi kwamanzi, ulwelo olwalusetyenziselwa ukwenza umungu ufikelele kwezinye iintyatyambo uze ngaloo ndlela uwamvumvuzelele, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iintlobo ezininzi.
Ngenxa yoko, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sisityalo ekumele ukuba sasisebenza njengendawo yokuzimela ubomi emanzini.
Ucinga ntoni ngezi ntyatyambo? Njengoko ubona, nangona bengaphambi kwembali, akufuneki ukuba bangabi bahle kakhulu. Ukuba bezikhona kwaye bezithengiswa namhlanje, ungathanda ukukhula enye kwigadi yakho okanye kwipatiyo?