Athini amalungu ezityalo?

Siphila kwihlabathi elinomdla, elizele bubomi bezilwanyana kwaye, ngaphezulu kwako konke, ubomi bezityalo. Izityalo bezikade zisemhlabeni kwizigidi ezininzi zeminyaka, ukuba zichane ngakumbi okanye kancinci, kuqikelelwa ukuba baqala ukuvela malunga neminyaka eyi-1.600 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ukusukela ngoko, kwaye njengoko uMhlaba wawunokucwangciswa kwawo ngoku, ziphuhlisiwe ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo ukuba zazisiwe.

Ke, icandelo ngalinye lezityalo liye lagqitywa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kodwa, Athini la malungu? Nguwuphi umsebenzi onawo?

Izityalo, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, nje ukuba imbewu ihlume endaweni apho iya kuhlala khona ubomi bayo bonke. Ngaphandle koku, benza into ekungekho namnye kuthi onokuyenza: ukuguqula amandla elanga abe kukutya. Ngokwenza njalo, bathatha icarbon dioxide (CO2) kwaye bakhuphe ioksijini (O2) kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yifotosinthesisi. Kungenxa yoko le nto icandelo lokuqala esiza kujonga kulo yingcambu.

Ilifa

Iingcambu zilungisa izityalo emhlabeni, kodwa, enyanisweni, zineminye imisebenzi ngaphandle kwale. Emhlabeni kukho izakha-mzimba ezahluka-hlukeneyo kunye neeminerali ezithi xa kunetha zichithakale. Iingcambu bazifunxa ngoboya bokufunxa ukuze indawo yomoya, oko kukuthi, isiqu kunye namagqabi, ihlale isempilweni kwaye ikhule.

Ziliqela iindawo ezahlukileyo:

• UCuello: yinxalenye edibanisa isiqu nengcambu.
• Indawo engaphantsi okanye yesebe: ngummandla ophakathi kwentamo kunye nendawo ye-piliferous. Kulapho iingcambu zesibini zivela khona.
• Indawo yeenwele okanye iinwele zokufunxa: ngummandla ophakathi kwendawo engaphantsi kunye nendawo yokukhula Igqunywe ziinwele ezifunxa amanzi kunye neeminerals ezichithwe kuyo.
• Indawo yokukhula okanye ukwahlulwa kweseli: ngummandla ophakathi kwendawo enqabileyo kunye nekepusi. Kulapho ukukhula kweengcambu kuvela khona.
• Ukujamelana: Sisiciko esikhusela incam yengcambu xa ingeniswa emhlabeni.

Isiqu

Isiqu siyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwizityalo. Ingaphakathi layo ligcwele ubomi. Amanzi kunye neeminerali zawo, ezaziwa njengencindi eluhlaza, ahamba ukusuka ezingcanjini ukuya emagqabini ngeetyhubhu ezintle ezibizwa ngokuba ziinqanawa zomthi. Xa ifikelela kumagqabi, uxubana nekharbon diokside ewathathe amagqabi emoyeni kwaye ajike abe yincindi egqityiweyo, oko kukuthi ukutya kwesityalo.

Incindi ecociweyo ihamba isuka emagqabini iye ezingcanjini, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu angondla.

Zintathu iindawo eziphambili:

• UCuelloUmanyano wengcambu nesiqu.
• Ndihamba: kuwo kuvela amagqabi namasebe.
• izikhupha: khuphula amasebe.

Amagqabi

Amagqabi yile tyala imveliso yokutya. Ngombulelo kubo, banokuphefumla, bathathe ioksijini kwaye bakhuphe i-carbon dioxide; yenza ifotosinthesis ukuba sele sithethile, kwaye banokubila, okubandakanya ukugxotha amanzi agqithisileyo nge-stomata.

Ziza ngeendlela ezininzi kunye nobukhulu, zinokutshintsha umbala unyaka wonke. Ngaxeshanye, zinokuphelaOko kukuthi, bayawa njengoko kuvela okutsha rhoqo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa okanye kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-X, okanye uphelelwe, ezo zezi ziwela kwixesha elithile lonyaka (ehlotyeni okanye ebusika).

Ziliqela iindawo ezahlukileyo:

• Limbo: licandelo elingaphezulu okanye elincinci. Inobuso obubini: icala eliphezulu lilicala elingaphezulu kwaye icala eliphindayo licala elisezantsi.
• UPeterole: ngumsonto ojoyina igqabi esiqwini okanye kwisebe.
• Isingxobo: kukwandiswa kwepetiole okanye iblade ejikeleze isiqu.

Iintyatyambo

Iintyatyambo zizakhiwo ezintle. Ngombulelo kubo, izityalo zinokuphindaphindeka unyaka nonyaka, ngaloo ndlela zilawula ukuqhubela phambili iintlobo. Zenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo:

• Isiqu seentyatyambo: idibanisa intyatyambo nesiqu.
• Isongelo seentyatyambo: siseti yamagqabi akhusela amalungu okuzala. Yenziwe:
  • I-Calyx: yenziwe ngeentombi ezincinci eziluhlaza ezibizwa ngokuba zii-sepals ezingaphandle kwentyatyambo.
  • ICorolla: yintyatyambo uqobo. Yenziwe ngamagqabi anemibala eyahlukeneyo enomsebenzi wokutsala iipollinators.
• Amalungu okuzala:
  • I-Stamens: zizintonga eziphakathi kwentyatyambo kwaye zigcina umungu. Ilungu lendoda leentyatyambo.
  • Isihlunu: sisiqu esibhityileyo esixhasa i-anther, eluhlobo lwe-sachet apho umungu ufumaneka khona.
  • Iipistile: zenziwa yi-ovary, kulapho kufumaneka khona ii-ovules; isimbo esiluhlobo lombhobho omncinci ojoyina isizalo kunye nehlazo, kunye nebala. Ilungu lobufazi lentyatyambo.

Isiqhamo

Isiqhamo ngu isichumiso seqanda. Ngaphakathi yimbewu enye okanye nangaphezulu. Ingagqiba ukukhula kwayo kwiiveki ezimbalwa okanye ngamanye amaxesha kwiminyaka emibini, njenge Imithi yepine. Isenokuba yinyama okanye yomile.

Imbewu

Imbewu ibalulekile kwizityalo ukusukela oko ngazo zinokuqhubeka nemfuza yazo. Zininzi iindidi: ezinamaphiko, zincinci kuneentloko zekhonkwane, ubukhulu bebhola yentenetya ... Ukuze kuhlume, kubalulekile ukuba iimeko zilungele uhlobo ngalunye. Ke, ukuba, umzekelo, uvela kwindawo yokuhlala apho ubusika bubanda kakhulu, ukwenzela ukuba bahlume kuyakufuneka ukuba amaqondo obushushu asezantsi.

Ngaba ubuzazi iindawo zezityalo nomsebenzi wazo?