Shea okanye IVitellaria paradoxa Ngumthi wemvelaphi yaseAfrika uvelisa isiqhamo esixabiseke kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yokuthambisa, yezamayeza kunye neyokutya.. Ikwabonakala njengesithako esibalulekileyo sokutya kwesintu kwaye nokuba isiqhamo somthi siqulethe ngaphakathi kwe nut eyaziwayo ngabemi bendawo njenge Karité, kwaye iyinxalenye yezilwanyana ezingcwele ze-savannah yaseAfrika.
Kukho ezinye izityalo ezixatyiswe kakhulu lixesha elithathwa yindalo ukuvelisa iziqhamo zazo. Umthi we-shea uphakathi kwale mizekelo, ethi yona kunye nomthi womnquma uphile ngemveliso kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye kuba zihlala ixesha elide, zithatha ixesha ukunika isivuno sazo sokuqala.
Umvelaphi
Umthi weKarité ngowokuzalwa kwi-savanna yaseAfrika, ngakumbi ukusuka eBurkina Faso, eMali, eSudan nase-Ivory Coast. Eli gama linentsingiselo kulwimi lwasekhaya ukuba kuthetha: umthi webhotela. Izizwe zengingqi zikuthatha njengomthi ongcwele ukuze iziqhamo zikhethwe kuphela xa sele iwile emhlabeni, nayo le umthi wokuhombisa ngokupheleleyo.
IVitellaria paradoxa Ligama lesayensi kwaye linokufikelela kwiimitha ezili-15 ukuphakama. Yeyosapho lakwaSapotaceae, ekubeni ingowokuzalwa kwingingqi esembindini welizwekazi laseAfrika. I-pulp igubungela imbewu emnandi esondlo kakhulu kwaye ityebile kwioyile ezifanelekileyo.
Iimpawu zeShea
Shea ngumthi onobude obude ukuya kwiinkulungwane ezintathu, apho isiqu sinokufikelela kwiimitha ezimbini kunye nomthi ngokwawo, ngaphezulu kweshumi ukuphakama.
Iqala ukuthwala isiqhamo emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kwaye kumashumi amabini inika ezona zivuno zilungileyo, iqhubeka kude kube ngamashumi amahlanu ananye eminyaka ubudala. Iziqhamo zii-drup ezinamanzi kakhulu ezikhula phakathi kweenyanga ezine ukuya kwezintandathu, ukongeza, ziqulathe embindini imbewu ene-almond efanelekileyo.
Amasebe omthi amafutshane kwaye anexolo elibomvu-ngwevu ngaphakathi, iintyatyambo ziyabonakala ukusuka kuJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi. Esona sivuno silungileyo sesiqhamo simalunga ne-20 kg, elingana ne-5 kg yamandongomane. ethi ekugqibeleni ibangele ikhilo yebhotolo. Umthi uhlala ukhula endle kwaye ukuvuna kunye nokuqokelela ayisiyonto ilula, ke imveliso yokugqibela ixabiseke kakhulu kwaye ixabisiwe.
Ukulima kunye nokhathalelo
Ukulinywa kwe-Shea ayisiyonto ilula, ngakumbi kuba ifuna iimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukukhula kunye nokuvelisa iziqhamo. Nangona kunjalo, Imeko inokuchazwa kolu hlobo lomthi ukuze iphumelele.
Umthi uzalwa kumhlaba osezantsi nowomileyo phakathi kwe-600 kunye ne-1500 yeemitha ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Uluhlu lobushushu olunokubunyamezela luvela kwi-18 ° C ukuya kwi-48 ° C, kodwa eyona nto iphakathi kwe-24 kunye ne-38 ° C. Akunabungane kakhulu kwimvula eninzi, Ukunyamezela ubuninzi be-1,800mm, eyona nto ingumhlaba omanzi.
Ingabonakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo elangeni kwaye inyamezele kancinci ukuba ibe semthunzini. Umhlaba kufuneka udongwe, ube nesanti, udidi lwe pH phakathi ko 6 no 7 kwaye utyebe ngezinto eziphilayo. Isityalo sinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: Impikiswano kunye neNilotica.
Eyokuqala izalwe ngamaphiko aphantsi kakhulu angadluliyo kwi-600 m. Okwesibini kukhula emhlabeni ngaphezulu kancinci kune-450 - 1,600 yeemitha. Amafama asekuhlaleni awukhusela kakhulu umthi, hayi kuba ithathwa njengengcwele kuphela, kodwa nangenxa yomthombo obalulekileyo wezondlo ezimele, ngakumbi eSudan, apho i-40% yemithi iyiKarite.
Umthi uvelisa itaproot ukuya kwenye kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ubude beemitha ezimbini, kunye neengcambu ezingekho nzulu ezigxunyekwe kubunzulu be-10 cm kwaye zinabele ukuya kwi-20 yeemitha ukusuka emthini. Iingcambu zesibini ezisecaleni zikhula ziye ezantsi, phantse kubunzulu obufanayo nengcambu yempompo.
Inkqubo yesibini yeengcambu ikhula ngamandla kwiminyaka yokuqala yokukhula. Oku kuvumela ukuba izithole zivelise amahlumelo amatsha xa ezokuqala zonakaliswe yimbalela. Ukukhula kwesiqu kwangoko kuyacothaAmasebe aqhele ukwenzeka emva kweminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwesi-7.
Umthi uqala ukuqhakaza kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala kwaye uqalise ukuvelisa iziqhamo zawo zokuqala phakathi kweminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-25. Iintyatyambo zokuqala zingenabumba. Ukukhula ngokwenyani kufikelela phakathi kweminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-45, kunye nobomi bayo obuluncedo phakathi kweminyaka engama-200 nama-300. Ukuwa kwamagqabi, iintyatyambo, Ubomvu kunye nokuqala kweziqhamo kwenzeka ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo.
Amagqabi athanda ukuwa ekuqaleni kwawo. Imithi kunqabile ukuba ingenamagqabi ngokupheleleyo okanye ixesha elifutshane. Iintyatyambo zivela kwangoko xa kuqala ixesha lonyaka elomileyo, zithwala malunga ne 25% yeziqhamo. Iziqhamo zikhula phakathi kweenyanga ezine ukuya kwezintandathu, ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa embindini wexesha lemvula. Inani lemveliso yemithi liyahluka. Kwisampulu ethathwe eBurkina Faso, okona kulungileyo I-25% yemithi ivelise i-60% yesivuno, ngelixa i-30% ehluphekayo yemithi ivelise iziqhamo ezincinci.
Umthi okwimeko entle unokuthwala umyinge we-15 ukuya kuma-30 kg yeziqhamo ngonyaka. Kunyaka olungileyo unokuya kwi-50kg, kodwa malunga ne-15kg kuphela kwiminyaka emibini ezayo. Nangona umjikelo wemveliso ocacileyo ungakhange uboniswe, uhlalutyo lubonisa utyekelo lwemithi yokunika isivuno esihle rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-3 okanye emi-4.
Ezi ntlobo ziyanyamezela umlilo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ukukhula kwayo kunye nokuchuma kuyachaphazeleka kule nto. Ke ngoko, imithi kufuneka ikhuselwe ngokhula ngamakhonkco. Umthi yindawo yokuhlala yeencindi zobusi, uwenza ube ngumthombo obalulekileyo wobusi kwaye iinyosi ezibekwe kumasebe awo ziqinisekisiwe ngesixa esihle seencindi kunye nomungu.
Iipropathi kunye nokusetyenziswa
El Oyile shea okanye ibhotolo Ifunyanwa emva kokubilisa kunye nokuchoboza ii-almond ngaphakathi kwesiqhamo, le iyinto etyiwayo kwaye inesondlo, ukongeza, isetyenziswa ngokwesiko kwindawo yokutya yalapha. Inokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwishishini lecolethi njengotshintsho lwebhotolo yekoko.
Izinto eziphambili ze-Shea yi-palmitic acid (2-6%), i-stearic acid (15-25%), i-oleic acid (60-70%), i-linolenic acid (5-15%), i-linoleic acid (<1%). La mafutha ayaziwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, ngenxa yeepropathi zokuthambisaKungenxa yoko le nto isetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamalungiselelo amaninzi kwishishini lezithambiso.
Isetyenziswa njengesikhuselo kunye nokuthambisa ulusu kunye neenwele, ukuthintela imibimbi, amanqaku wolule kunye nokukhuthaza ulusu. Ingasetyenziselwa zonke iintlobo zonyango ezijolise ekuphuculeni ulusu.
Ukukhula kwe-Shea kunye nokuvuna kuqeshe ngaphezulu kwe-300000 yabasetyhini minyaka le eAfrika. Imveliso iphathwa ngononophelo ngenkqubo ye-100% yobugcisa, apho imbewu yahluliweyo kwaye ihlanjwe, ityunyuzwe, yosiwe kunye nomhlaba ukufumana incindi emdaka ebethiweyo kude kufunyanwe ibhotolo.
Emva koko kulahlwa ukungcola ngokubilisa nokucoca amatyeli aliqela. Kwikhilo nganye yeziqhamo ufumana i-400 gr. yembewu. Isixa sebhotela esinokucutshungulwa ngokuqinisekileyo sisipho sendalo engatshintshwanga kwizizukulwana.