IPlum (iPrunus domestica)

Iplum ngumthi weziqhamo oqaqambileyo

Iplum ngumthi weziqhamo othi, nangona ungakhuli ngokukhawuleza, uyakhula yenye yezo zivelisa inani elikhulu leziqhamo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-plums, ezinencasa emnandi.

Kodwa kufuneka kwakhona ukuba ngumthi wokuhombisa kakhulu. Xa idubula entwasahlobo, umhlophe weentyatyambo zawo wenza umahluko omnandi kunye nokuluhlaza kwamagqabi, kwaye ngokungathi oko akwanelanga, ixhasa iqabaka elinganiselweyo.

Imvelaphi kunye neempawu zeplum

Iplum ngumthi weziqhamo onqabileyo

Ngumthi weziqhamo onqabileyo okhula eMazantsi eYurophu naseAsia Minor. Ikhula phakathi kwe-7 kunye ne-10 yeemitha ukuphakama, kwaye inesiqu esithe nkqo nesithsaba esijikeleziweyo. Amagqabi aluhlaza ahluma emasebeni, anokuba yi-elliptical, obovate okanye ovate-lanceolate. Olu tyheli ekwindla, emva koko lome kwaye ekugqibeleni luwele emhlabeni.

Ngentwasahlobo, iintyatyambo ezimhlophe zihluma ngamandla, ngokusebenza ngaxeshanye namagqabi. Ziyi-hermaphrodites, kwaye zihlala zibonakala kumaqela eentyatyambo ezi-2-3, nganye nganye ilingana ne-1,5 yeesentimitha ububanzi.

Iiplums zivuthwa ehlotyeni. I nini kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwindidi, imozulu kunye nenkathalo eyifumanayo. Ubungakanani kunye nombala ziyahluka, kodwa ngokubanzi sithetha ngeedriphu ezimalunga neesentimitha ezi-5 kubume behlabathi okanye i-ellipsoidal ngombala omthubi, obomvu, omfusa, nolusu oluhlaza, njl.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba iplum ivelise iziqhamo?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwisityalo, nakubungakanani bomthi. Kwaye lo ngumthi weziqhamo odla ngokuthengiselwa, ngokuchanekileyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, njengokuphelisa ukumelana kwawo nezitshabalalisi kunye / okanye izifo okanye ukuphucula ukuziqhelanisa nomhlaba welitye lekalika, ukuwenza ukuba uvelise iziqhamo ngexesha elifutshane. .

Ke ngoko, akukho mpendulo inye. Iintyatyambo zi-hermaphroditic, ngazo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iplum yembewu. Kodwa ukuze ivelise isiqhamo kuya kufuneka silinde iminyaka engaphezulu.

Ukuze uyazi ngakumbi okanye incinci xa ivelisa iziqhamo, Kufuneka uyazi loo nto:

  • Iiplamu ezifunyenwe kwimbewu zithatha malunga ne-6-8 iminyaka.
  • Iiplamu ezimiliselweyo zithatha malunga neminyaka emi-3 (ukuba nje ubuncinci ziimitha eziyi-1,5-2 ubude, yile nto ithengiswayo idla ngokulinganisa).

Iintlobo zePlum

Zininzi iindidi zeeplamu, ezahlula ngokwamaqela amabini:

  • Iplum yaseYurophu: Zifuna inani elininzi leeyure ezibandayo * (malunga ne-700-1000) ukuze zithwale iziqhamo, ngenxa yoko zicetyiswa ngokukodwa kwimozulu enemozulu epholileyo, ehlotyeni kunye nobusika obunamaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kweqanda.
    • Claudia
    • D'Agen
    • Stanley
    • Mongameli
  • Iiplamu zaseAsia: zezo ze IPrunus salicina, okanye iplamu yaseTshayina. Ukongeza, ikwangumthi osetyenziswa kakhulu ekumiliseleni iplamu yaseYurophu. Zidinga iiyure ezibandayo (phakathi kwama-500 ukuya kuma-900), kwaye zihlala zithwala iziqhamo kwangethuba.
    • Formosa
    • menthey
    • Ubuhle obomvu
    • Santa Rosa
* Iiyure ezibandayo zezo apho isityalo, kule meko iplum, sichanabeka kubushushu obungaphantsi ko-7ºC.

Unakekelwa yintoni umthi weplum?

Iintyatyambo ziba mhlophe

Iplum ngumthi weziqhamo ofuna uthotho lokhathalelo ukuze iphile. Ke ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba ungayikhulisa njani kwaye unike ii-plums ezininzi, ndiza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga nalo mthi:

Ubicación

Sisityalo ekufuneka sibande ebusika, ngenxa yoko siyakubekwa ngaphandle. Yintoni egqithisile, Kuyimfuneko ukuba imitha yelanga iwele kuyo, kuba ngale ndlela iya kuba nakho ukuphuhlisa.

Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo ukuba ayikhuli kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ikhule kwiigadi ezincinci, eziphakathi nezikhulu, nokuba kungumzekelo omde okanye kwimiqolo.

Ingagcinwa embizeni, nangona oku ndicebisa ukuba ufumane iplamu emfutshane njengoko ingakhuli ngaphezulu kweemitha ezi-2-3 ukuphakama.

Ukutyala phi umthi weplum?

Umthi weplum awumelani nomoya kakuhle, ke Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyibeke kufutshane nodonga okanye uthango elisebenza njengokhuseleko.

Kwakhona, ukuba uhlala kwindawo ebandayo yemozulu, eyona nto intle yile Yibeke ijonge ezantsi, kuba ngale ndlela uya kufumana iziqhamo ukuze zivuthwe ngcono.

Ingatyalwa nini iplum?

Elona xesha lilungileyo lokulilima ebusika, phambi kokuba amagqabi ahlume. Kwimeko apho iqabaka ifike kade, ungayenzi ide idlule njengoko inokonakala.

Unkcenkceshelo

Ukunkcenkceshela kuya kubakho rhoqo ehlotyeni, ngakumbi kwingingqi yeMeditera nakwezo ndawo zifudumeleyo apho kukho imvula encinci. Ngeli xesha kusenokufuneka ukuba unkcenkceshele amaxesha ama-3-4 ngeveki, kuba umhlaba (okanye i-substrate, ukuba ifakwa embizeni) yoma ngokukhawuleza; ke ngoko, kufuneka wongeze amanzi ade abe manzi kakhulu.

Ngexesha lokuphumla konyaka ukunkcenkceshela kuya kwahluka, ngakumbi ukuba sihlala kwindawo enemvula rhoqo. Kodwa, ngokubanzi, akuyomfuneko ukuvumela umhlaba ukuba uhlale womile ixesha elide, njengoko umthi weplum ungaxhathani nembalela.

Umhlaba

  • Jadini: ukhetha umhlaba opholileyo nonzulu. Ingakhula kwilitye lekalika ngaphandle kwengxaki, kodwa kungcono uqiniseke ukuba nokuba iyadada, iyawifunxa amanzi ngokukhawuleza.
  • Imbiza yeentyatyamboUkuba uza kuba nomthi weplum embizeni, kuya kufuneka uyigcwalise, umzekelo, izinto ezilungisiweyo ezifana negadi yasezidolophini (ziyathengiswa apha) okanye kwindalo iphela. Kodwa unokubeka umaleko wokuqala wodongwe okanye udongwe lwentaba-mlilo, emva koko wenze i-mulch (iyathengiswa apha).

Umbhalisi

Umbhalisi uyakwenziwa ngezo nyanga umthi ukhula kuwo, oko kukuthi, ukusuka ekuphumeni kweentyatyambo kunye namagqabi entwasahlobo, de kubande ekwindla / ebusika. 

Ukulungiselela le nto, kuyacetyiswa ukuba usebenzise izichumiso eziphilayo unyaka wonke. Kufuneka ugcine engqondweni ukuba, ukuba uyayikhulisa embizeni, kungcono ukufaka isichumisi esingamanzi ukuze i-substrate iqhubeke nokufunxa amanzi ngokukhawuleza.

Mininzi imizekelo yolu hlobo lwesichumiso, umzekelo:

  • Umgquba wezilwanyana otya utyaniezinye zinesondlo kunezinye. Umzekelo, inkukhu ibonelela nge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium, ezizizakhamzimba ezibalulekileyo, kodwa ke isalfure, i-magnesium kunye ne-micronutrients. Inkqubo ye- umgquba wehashe kwelinye icala, iphantsi kwi-nitrogen, kwaye umthi weplum ufuna igalelo lesi sondlo ukuze sikhule kakuhle.
  • guano: ingayi bat guano (eyona ixhaphakileyo) okanye iintaka zolwandle ezifana nonombombiya. Ityebile kakhulu ngezakhamzimba, kuba ine-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium, kunye ne-carbonic kunye ne-uric acid eza kuvumela umthi weziqhamo zakho ukuba ukhule usempilweni. Yifumane apha.
  • I-humus yomhlabaUkuphoswa kweentshulube kuphantse kwabola ngokupheleleyo zizinto eziphilayo. Inezakha mzimba eziyimfuneko (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium), kodwa ikwanayo ne-magnesium, ekuthi ngayo iplum ingakhuli nje kuphela xa ichukumisa, kodwa ibenakho nokufunxa ngcono izakhamzimba. Yithenge apha.

Xa uhlawula, Landela umkhombandlela kwiphakheji. Ngale ndlela, akukho ngxaki ziya kuvela.

Ukuvuna nokugcina

Iiplum zivuthwa ehlotyeni, kuyakuba njalo ngeli xesha lonyaka xa kufuneka zivunwe. Kodwa Kufuneka yenziwe xa befumene umbala wokugqibela, kwaye xa ubacinezela ngobunono sibajonga sithambile. Ke sinokubasusa ngokulula emthini.

Emva koko, zinokutyiwa ziluhlaza, okanye zigcinwe efrijini kangangeeveki ezi-2-4. Ukuba uza kuzigcina kubushushu begumbi, umzekelo kwipleyiti yeglasi yokuhombisa, kuya kufuneka uzityise kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Ukuphindaphinda

Iplum iphindaphindwe ngembewu

Umfanekiso - Wikimedia / Salicyna

Iplum iyaziphinda-phinda ngembewu ebusika kuba ifuna ukubanda ngaphambi kokuntshula, nangokuthi ufakelo ekwindla okanye entwasahlobo.

Imbewu

Ingaba hlwayela kwiimbiza okanye kwiitreyi ezinemingxunya enomhlaba wezithole. Emva koko, zibekwa kwindawo enelanga kwaye zinkcenkceshelwe nanini na xa kubonakala ukuba i-substrate yomile. Yile ndlela eya kuhluma ngayo entwasahlobo.

Ukuthintela usulelo lokungunda (olungenagwele), kubalulekile ukufaka ubhedu olungumgubo kwibhedi yembewu.

Imisebenzi yobugcisa

Iigrafti zegrafti zenziwe, rhoqo kwimizekelo efunyenwe kwimbewu. Iquka ukwenza i-T-cut malunga ne-2cm ye-bark ukusuka kwisebe lomthi-umzekelo, i-blackthorn- esebenza njengengcambu, yahlula i-bark kancinci ngemela yokumilisela.

Emva kwexesha, kufunyanwa isiqwenga seplamu, kwaye kwenziwa indawo enqamlezileyo apho inehlumelo lokugqibela ukwazisa esi siqwenga, sibizwa ngokuba yi-gusset, kwisithambiso esele senzile.

Ukuthena

Ukuthena kuya kwenzeka ekupheleni kobusika. Iya kubandakanya ukususwa kwamasebe owomileyo kunye nophukileyo, kunye neeswekile. Ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa iglasi, ukususa ezo zinqamlezayo, kunye nokucheba ezo zikhula kakhulu.

Izinambuzane kunye nezifo

Isesichengeni sezinambuzane ezithile kunye nezifo, ezizezi:

  • Iplum gall mite: i IiFalicus phloecoptes Yimingxuma ebangela ukuwa kwegqabi phambi kwexesha, kunye nokwenziwa kwamaqhuma amdaka ecaleni kwesebe.
  • Izilwanyana ezibomvu. i IPanonychus ulmi yenye imites etya incindi yamagqabi kunye nesiqhamo. Emagqabini siza kubona amabala angwevu.
  • Uvavanyo: i IWilsonomyces carpophilus Ngundo ovelisa imingxunya emincinci kumagqabi, kunye namachaphaza amachokoza iziqhamo.
  • Intwala yaseSan Jose: i-cochineal Quadraspidiotus perniciosus sisidleleli esifunxa incindi yezityalo. Ifumaneka kumagqabi aluhlaza nakumasebe, nakwiziqhamo.
  • Zintwala: I-aphid zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zonakalisa amagqabi, zenze zibonakale zikhubazekile kwaye zinamachaphaza, kunye neentyatyambo, ezibathintela ekugqibeni ukukhula kwabo kwaye bavelise iziqhamo.

Izitshabalalisi zinokunyangwa ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane avunyiweyo kulimo lwezinto eziphilayo, ezifana nesepha ye potassium, ioyile ye neem kunye ne diatomaceous earth.

Kwimeko yokuhlola, kungcono ukunyanga ngefungicides ephethe ubhedu.

Ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza

iplamu ukumelana ne -18ºC, Kunye ne-35-40ºC ukuba unawo amanzi onawo.

Zityiwa njani iiplums?

Iityum zityiwa ziluhlaza okanye zingenamanzi

Zingatyiwa kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba sele ziqokelelwe emthini, okanye zenziwe ngejem okanye ice cream. Kwakhona, ii-prunes, ezingezizo ezomileyo, zithandwa.

Banesondlo esikhulu, kuba umzekelo, iigram ezili-100 zeeplums zinee-gram ezisi-7 zefayibha, i-2,18 yeeprotheyini, i-63.88 gram ye-carbohydrate, ukongeza kwiivithamini (A, B1, B2, B3, C, E no-K), kunye nezinye iiminerali eziyimfuneko ezifana necalcium, isinyithi, imagniziyam okanye iphosphorus

Ngamafutshane, ukuba umthi weplum ulungile egadini nakwimpilo. Ngaba unesibindi sokukhulisa eyakho?


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