I-Rhizobium

Ngokuqinisekileyo sele uyazi ukuba zininzi iibhaktheriya eziluncedo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Njengokuba, IiRhizobiums yenye yezo "bacteria zilungileyo." Ngombulelo kubo, izityalo ezininzi, ezinjengeembotyi, zingakhula kwaye zikhule kwimihlaba engenazondlo zibalulekileyo: initrogen.

Ngenxa yokuncedwa yi-Rhizobium bacteria ekulungiseni initrogen, amafama axhamla kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwawo, kwaye ngokunjalo nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngezi ntsholongwane zinomdla, lunjani ubudlelwane babo nezityalo ezinemilenze kunye nezibonelelo abazibonelelayo, ungaphoswa leli nqaku.

Yintoni iRhizobiums kwaye zizinceda njani izityalo?

Xa sithetha ngeRhizobium, sibhekisa kuhlobo lwee-bacterial gram-negative ezihlala emhlabeni kwaye zilungisa i-nitrogen esemoyeni. Olu didi lweqela elikhulu le-nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ebizwa ngokuba yi-rhizobia. IiRhizobiums zihlala ngokuhambelana nezinye izityalo, Phakathi kwazo kukho iimbotyi, esiza kuthetha ngazo kamva.

Olu hlobo lwebacteria luhlala kwingcambu yemifuno, emva kokuba usulelo olwenziwe sisityalo ngokwalo luye lwenzeka ngokufihlakala kwemveliso ebizwa ngokuba yi-lectin. Ezi ziiproteni ezenza iibhondi kunye noshukela. Ukusuka apho, IiRhizobiums zibonelela nge-nitrogen kwimifuno, oko kuyimfuneko ukuze baphile. Ukubuya, izityalo zibonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kwezi ntsholongwane.

Iimpawu zeRhizobium

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Yintoni herbarium

Njengezinto eziphilayo zasimahla, iiRhizobiums zihlala kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yirhizosphere. Pha bondla kwintsalela yezinto eziphilayo, Kuba zine-plasmid enomsebenzi wayo kukufaka ulwazi ekubalulekeni kosulelo lwesityalo. Ngokucacileyo, ezi ntlobo zebhaktheriya zineempawu zazo, esiza kubona ngezantsi:

• Igram-negative
• Uluhlu lwesibini lodonga lweseli: Ngelixa eyokuqala yenziwe ngeeproteni kunye neecarbohydrate, eyesibini ineecarbohydrate kunye neepids.
• Iiprokaryoti
• Iselfowuni: Xa uvavanyo lwe-motility lwenziwe, umbala abawufumanayo ubutyheli, hayi umbala wabo wokuqala, onokuba yimfusa.
• I-Aerobes: Ioksijini ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwabo.
• I-Beta: Ukwetyiswa kwehemoglobin.
• Ukuphuhla okukuko ku25ºC, kodwa kungakhula nakweyiphi na iqondo lobushushu.
• Ubukhulu: 0.5-0.9 x 1.2-3.0 micrometer
• Ine-flagella

Loluphi uhlobo lobudlelwane olusekwe phakathi kweRhizobium bacteria kunye nezityalo ezinemilenze?

Ngaphambi kokuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kweRhizobium kunye nezityalo ezinemidumba, siza kuqala sihlomle malunga nokuba yintoni le mifuno. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiFabaceae, iimbotyi lusapho olungu-Fabales. Oku kubandakanya izihlahla, izityalo ezingapheliyo okanye ezonyaka, kunye nemithi. Kulula ukuziqonda, kuba Iziqhamo abazithwalayo zezodidi kwaye amagqabi ayo ahlala ebekiwe kwaye edibene.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

ICyanobacteria

Ngokumalunga nobudlelwane phakathi kweRhizobium kunye nemidumba, sisifo sengqondo esinyanisekileyo. Ngelixa izityalo zikhula kwimihlaba enezinga eliphantsi kakhulu okanye elingu-nitrojeni, intsholongwane ibonelela ngesi siqwenga ngokulungelelanisa imeko yomoya. Ukubuya, iimbotyi zibonelela ngendawo ekhuselayo nenesondlo kwiiRhizobiums.

Amanqanaba okwenziwa

Ukufezekisa ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen, izityalo eziyimbotyi kufuneka zenze amaqhuqhuva kuqala. Ukwenza oku, zombini iibacteria kunye nezityalo kufuneka zilandele uthotho lwamanqanaba esiza kuthetha ngawo apha ngezantsi:

1. U kwamkelwa: Njengoko iingcambu zemidumba zikhupha izinto ezithile zendalo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-microbial kunye nophuhliso ngaphakathi kwe-rhizosphere, iintsholongwane ziyasibona isityalo njengeqabane elifanelekileyo. Ngeprotein ebizwa ngokuba yi-ricadesine, iiRhizobiums ziyakwazi ukubambelela ezingcanjini zeengcambu zesityalo, eziqala ukwakheka kweqhuqhuva.
2. Ukwanda kwebacteria yezinto ezinqumlayo: Nje ukuba ibhaktiriya ingene kwiingcambu zesityalo, ikhupha izinto ezinqumlayo. Yinto ebangela ukuba iinwele zigobe. Ukongeza, badlula kwimfuza eya kuthi iqhube ukuqaqanjelwa komzimba kamva ngokwahlulahlula iiseli.
3. Uhlaselo: Emva kokuhlasela iinwele zengcambu, izityalo zenza ityhubhu yosulelo eyenziwe ngeselulosi. Kuyo, rhizobia iphindaphindwe.
4. Ukufuduswa: Ukusuka kwityhubhu yosulelo, intsholongwane iya engcanjini. Ngale ndlela, usulelo lufikelela kwiiseli ezikufutshane neenwele zengcambu. Apho izinto ezinqumlayo zikhuthaza ukwahlukana kweseli, okuphelela ekwenzeni i-nodule.
5. Ukubonakala kwebacteroides: IiRhizobiums zanda ngaphakathi kweeseli zezityalo, ekugqibeleni zijike zibe kukudumba kunye nokwakheka kwamasebe. Ngelo xesha kuvela iibacteroides. Ezi ziiseli zebhaktiriya ezikhubazekileyo eziyimfuneko ukulungisa i-nitrogen.
6. Ulwahlulo lweseli oluqhubekayo: Emva kokuba ingcambu evuthiweyo sele ikhulile, zombini iiseli zebacteria kunye nezityalo kufuneka ziqhubeke zahlulahlula.

Izinzuzo

Ngokucacileyo, abantu bakwazile ukusebenzisa eli thuba lingummangaliso kwinqanaba lezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, ikwabaluleke kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Ngokumalunga nezolimo, iRhizobium ibangela ukonyuka okukhulu kwenitrogen kwimihlaba engenanto. Ukongeza, izityalo ezinemilenze, eziyimfuneko kwinqanaba lezolimo, ziyathandwa Kuba bayakwazi ukukhula kwiindawo apho eminye imifuno ingenakho. Olunye uncedo lokuqaqambisa kukuba le syciosis yonyusa imveliso yezolimo, kuba inqanaba lokulungiswa kwenitrogen yomoya liphuma. Okwangoku kufuneka kuthiwe i-nitrogen yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo. Amafama agcina nemali eninzi kwizichumisi ze-nitrogen, ubuncinci kwimidumba, njengoko ingeyomfuneko xa kukho iRhizobium.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ispermatophyta

Malunga nokusingqongileyo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba izichumisi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuthotywa kwendalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba zibangela ukugcwala kwemizimba yamanzi, ukuveliswa kwemvula eneasidi kunye nokhukuliseko lomhlaba. Kuba iRhizobiums ithintela amafama ekusebenziseni izichumisi, aluncedo olukhulu ekukhuseleni indalo.

Kucacile ukuba kukho amawaka eebhaktiriya ezinobungozi, kodwa uninzi lulungile kwaye iRhizobiums ngumzekelo ocacileyo woku.