Inxalenye yoyilo lwezakhiwo inoxanduva lokwenza uyilo oluzinzileyo ngakumbi ukwenza ukusebenza kwamandla kube ngcono kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo zincinci. Enye yeendlela ezisetyenziselwa oku isiciko sesityalo. Ukhuselo lwemifuno luneenzuzo ezininzi esiza kuzihlalutya nganye nganye.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni uphahla oluluhlaza, zeziphi iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yintoni uphahla oluluhlaza?
Uphahla oluluhlaza kwisakhiwo luphahla oluluhlaza, kunye nophahla oluqulethe iipaneli zelanga ze-thermal okanye ze-photovoltaic okanye ezikhuselweyo ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo, kwandisa amandla ombane wesakhiwo njengoko kunye zigcina ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Indlela yokuziphatha yamandla esakhiwo ngokunxulumene neendawo ezisingqongileyo. Eyaziwa nangokuthi uphahla oluluhlaza okanye uphahla lwegadi, sinokufumana iindidi ezahlukeneyo.
Uphahla oluluhlaza luhlobo lophahla olusele lusetyenziswa kumazwe aseNordic njenge-insulation. Ndiyabulela kwi-inertia yayo ye-thermal, ilawula ukufuma kwaye ilawula ukushisa kwangaphakathi. Kumazwe afana ne-Iceland, iNorway okanye iKhanada zisetyenziselwa ukugquma, ekubeni izityalo eziphezu kophahla ziqokelela ubushushu ebusika, ngelixa kumazwe ashushu njengeTanzania zigcina ingaphakathi lipholile nangona imitha yelanga yangaphandle.
Kwidolophu yaseCopenhagen, Abanini bophahla abatsha benze ukuba kunyanzeliswe ukutyala uhlobo oluthile lohlaza eluphahleni lwabo. Amanye amazwe anemimiselo elawula kunye / okanye umvuzo wokufakelwa kwamaphahla aluhlaza. Kuvela ukuba uphahla oluluhlaza lunceda ukunciphisa ubushushu kwiidolophu. Akunjalo malunga nokuzalisa zonke izakhiwo ezisezidolophini ezinophahla oluluhlaza, kodwa ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kwetheknoloji kunokunciphisa umphumo wesiqithi sokushisa obangelwa izakhiwo eziphakamileyo, i-traffic okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomoya. Isiphumo sesiqithi sokushisa senzeke kwizixeko, apho amaqondo okushisa anokunyuka ukuya kwi-10 degrees xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezikufutshane.
Uphahla oluluhlaza kwi-LEED
Izixhobo ze-LEED zibandakanya, njengesicwangciso esizinzileyo, ukufakwa kwe-vegetative cover for yonke inzuzo yendalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwicandelo elizinzileyo:
- Yehlisa ukubaleka kwamanzi esiphango kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wezikhukula njengoko zigcina ipesenti ephezulu yemvula ukuya kuma-90%, ngoko inxalenye iyajika ibe ngumphunga kwaye enye iqondiswe ngendlela yokulibaziseka, kwaye iphucule umgangatho wayo ngokucoca ungcoliseko kunye neentsimbi ezinzima kumanzi emvula.
- Uhluza izinto ezingcolisa umoya kunye nekharbon diokside esuka emoyeni, ukunciphisa ukungcola ngeenkqubo zendalo.
- Iyanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla njengoko ibonelela nge-thermal insulation. Ngenxa ye-inertia ye-thermal enokuthi i-cover yesityalo ibonelele ngokupheleleyo, inokusebenza njengomlawuli womswakama kunye nobushushu bangaphakathi.
- Yandisa ubomi bophahla ngenxa yokuba umqobo wokungangeni manzi ukhuselwe kwimitha yelanga, ubushushu nokubanda kunye nezaqhwithi.
- Yehlisa iziphumo zesiqithi sobushushu kwiindawo zasezidolophini kunye nokubonelela ngeendawo eziluhlaza zokulima okanye zokuzonwabisa ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokugquma kwezityalo.
- Ikhuthaza ukungafani kwezityalo nezilwanyana kuba ivumela ukukhula kohlobo. Ukuphuhlisa igadi yasezidolophini eluphahleni lwendawo yasezidolophini ingaba yinto enomdla, nokuba inika ithuba lokukhulisa iimveliso zethu "ekhaya".
Izinto zophahla oluluhlaza
Isigqubuthelo sesityalo sinezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Ibhatyi engenamanzi. Ifakwe kwiinkxaso zephahla - ii-slabs - kulolu hlobo lwephahla kufuneka luxhathise kwiingcambu. Into eqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa izinto zokuthintela amanzi ezifana ne-EPDM, equka irabha esetyenzisiweyo, okanye i-PVC, ekwazi ukuphinda isetyenziswe. Ukuba ipaneli ekhanyayo isetyenzisiweyo engakulungele ukukhusela ukuphuka ngenxa yobukho beengcambu, ipaneli ephindwe kabini kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-primer yokukhusela ingcambu kufuneka isetyenziswe.
- Ukwahlukaniswa kweThermal. Olunye uphahla oluluhlaza lubandakanya umaleko wokugquma.
- umaleko wokukhupha amanzi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo kukukhupha amanzi ukusuka eluphahleni, ukuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwefungi kwiingcambu zezityalo. Inokubandakanya umaleko wegrabile okanye umaleko weHDPE. I-Polyethylene yiplastiki enokuphinda isetyenziswe.
- Umaleko wogcino. Lo maleko unomphezulu oyiconcave ukuze ukwazi ukugcina amanzi eluphahleni. Uluhlu lwe-drainage kunye ne-retention layer inokudityaniswa ibe ngumaleko omnye.
- Umaleko wesihluzi. Iqukethe i-geotextiles umsebenzi wayo kukuthintela umaleko we-substrate oseleyo ukuba uhlanjwe ngamanzi. Ngokuphepha ukukhupha, i-substrate igcina iimpawu zayo, ithanda ukukhula kwezityalo. Ibekwe kuluhlu lokuhambisa amanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo i-125 g/m² polypropylene.
- Umaleko wokufunxa. Umsebenzi oyintloko wolu luhlu kukugcina umswakama kwaye ukhulule ngokuthe ngcembe, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinomileyo, kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci kwesigubungelo sesityalo kunye nokunyuka kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza. Inokuba yinxalenye ye-substrate ngokwayo okanye ingafakwa phantsi kwayo.
- Inkqutyana. Lilizwe apho intshula iingcambu khona izityalo. Kufuneka ibenezondlo ezifanelekileyo kunye neasidi efanelekileyo yodidi lwezityalo ekhuliswa kuzo. Ubukhulu obufanelekileyo buhlala buphakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-15 cm. Ubude bezityalo akufanele budlule kwi-50 cm.
I-substrate isetyenziswa njengesiseko sokukhula kwezityalo ezikhethiweyo. Ukongeza, umaleko okhuselayo unokubekwa othintela ukukhula kwezityalo ngaphandle kwezo zidingayo, kwaye i-synergistically igcina i-substrate ifumile. Oku kusebenza kakhulu kwimozulu eyomileyo njengoko kunciphisa isidingo sokunkcenkceshela. Kule nto, izixhobo zokupakisha, i-pine bark, i-volcanic gravel, njl. ukuze kuncitshiswe i-evapotranspiration, ingakumbi kwimozulu eyomileyo.
I-Copenhagen ayibonakali iyinto eyodwa yalo mkhwa okanye uxanduva lokuzalisa izixeko ngophahla oluluhlaza. Iphephandaba ledijithali i-lasprovincias.es epapashwe ngo-Matshi 2010 ukuba ukuhlaziywa kwesicwangciso esiyintloko seValencia, esiqhuba kude kube yi-2025, inokufuna uphahla oluluhlaza kwizakhiwo ezitsha. Isicwangciso esisekwe kwiikhrayitheriya zokusingqongileyo zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla embonakalo yedolophu kunye nezakhiwo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni isigqubuthelo sesityalo kunye neempawu zayo.