Umhlaba wezityalo ubanzi kakhulu kwaye ubonakalisa iyantlukwano enkulu. Kodwa ayisiyiyo yonke into eluhlobo oluthile kuphela, nganye yazo yeyokugqutywa okwelinye iqela kude kube kufikelela kusapho oluqhelekileyo. Elinye lala maqela yiSpermatophyta, cAmalungu e-uyos abonakaliswa yimveliso yembewu. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kweli qela kukho izihlokwana, njengoko zinokuqhubeka ukwahlula.
Kodwa yintoni iSpermatophyta? Kwaye i-spermatophytes? Zeziphi iintlobo ezikhoyo? Siza kuyiphendula yonke le mibuzo nangaphezulu kweli nqaku. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngezityalo ezivelisa imbewu, funda.
Ithetha ntoni igama elithi spermatophytes?
I-Spermatophyta, i-spermatophytes okanye i-phanerogams liqela lobukumkani bezityalo ibandakanya yonke imifuno yemithambo kunye nemigca yokuvelisa imbewu. Ngokubhekisele kwigama lesayensi, inemvelaphi yesiGrike. Igama 'sperma' lithetha 'imbewu', ngelixa 'phyton' iguqulela 'ukutyala'. Ke ngoko igama lesiSpanish liya kuba "zizityalo ezinembewu."
Eli qela lezityalo likwabizwa ngokuba yi-siphonogamous embryophytes. Kungenxa yokuba iinkozo ze-pollen ze-spermatophytes zivelisa ityhubhu, ipollen okanye i-haustorial, enjongo yayo ikukufikelela kwiqanda lokuchumisa. Igama "imibungu" liguqulelwe njenge "umbungu" kwaye kwakhona "phyton" njenge "sityalo." Igama "xifos" lithetha "ityhubhu" kunye "negemos" lithetha "umanyano ngokwesondo." Ke igama liya kuguqulelwa "Izityalo ezinemveku engekazalwa edibene ngesondo ngombhobho." Nangona izazinzulu zihlala zibhekisa kwezi zityalo njenge "embryophytes", zikhona ezinye ezifana neepiphonogams okanye ibryophytes.
I-monophyly yezityalo zeqela leSpermatophyta kuvunyelwene ngayo ngoososayensi ixesha elide. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi be-morphological obubungqina, umzekelo ukuvelisa imbewu kunye neenkuni, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-xylem yesibini. Ukongeza, i-axillary branching ikwangumboniso wokuqaqambisa.
Yintoni i-spermatophytes? Imizekelo
Kude kube namhlanje, iqela leSpermatophyta alithandabuzeki ukuba lelona line linabileyo phakathi kwazo zonke izityalo ezinemithambo. Iintlobo ezaziwayo eziphilayo sele zigqithile kwi-270 lamawaka. Oyena mntu uphambili kulo mahluko kukwahlulahlula i-angiosperms. Kukho ezinye iziqwengana ezibekwe ngokwamaqela njengeejimnosperms. La maqela mane ane-ukhokho ofanayo: i-ginkgos, i-gnetales, i-conifers kunye ne-cycads. Masibone ngezantsi kweminye imizekelo yokwahlulahlulahlulwayo:
- I-Angiosperms: Umbona, irayisi, ingqolowa, imithi yeapile, imithi yeorenji, njl.
- I-Ginkgos: IGinkgo biloba okanye umthi wamakhaka angamashumi amane
- AmaGnetales: Welwitschia, Gnetum, Ephedra
- IConifers: Fir, redwood, pine pine, njl.
- ICycads: IDioon, iBowenia, iMacrozamia, iLepidozamia, njl.
Zeziphi iintlobo zespermatophytes?
Ubukumkani bezityalo bufezekise olona hlobo lulungileyo kwimeko yomhlaba ngokuvelisa imbewu. Kuzo zonke ezo mifuno zineembewu, i-sporophyte yaqala ukubalasela ngelixa i-gametophyte yayincipha ngokuncipha de yaba sisakhiwo esixhomekekileyo ngaphakathi kwesporophyte.
Kwangelo xesha, izityalo ezisezantsi zithathe indawo yesidoda esichaziweyo ngepollination. Enkosi ngale nkqubo baye bakwazi ukuzimela ngaphandle kwamanzi de kube lelo xesha yayikukuphela kwesithuthi sabo sokuchumisa. Ngendlela efanayo, zombini i-zygote kunye nombungu awuxhomekekanga emanzini, kuba imbewu yayiwakhusela ngemvulophu yayo elukhuni.
Okwangoku, i-spermatophytes yahlulwe yangamacandelwana amabini: IiAngiosperms kunye neejimnosperms. Siza kuthetha ngazo zombini ngezantsi.
IiAngiosperms
Kwindawo yokuqala sinee-angiosperms esele sizikhankanyile ngaphambili. Igama layo livela kwisiLatin. Igama elithi "angi" lithetha "kufakwe" kunye "nesperm" siguqulela "imbewu." Ke, igama lokoqobo liya kuba "yimbewu evaliweyo." Eli ligama elinikwe ukwahlulwa kwezityalo ezidubula iintyatyambo, ezizezona zibalaseleyo izityalo. Ngapha koko, zingowona mthombo mkhulu wokutya ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Kwaye hayi kuphela ukutya, kodwa kwezinye iimveliso ezininzi zendalo kunye nezinto zokwenza imveliso. Amalungu ayo afaka phantse zonke izihlahla kunye nezityalo ezinamagqabi, uninzi lwemithi ngaphandle kwemipayini kunye nezinye iiconifers, kunye nezityalo ezikhethekileyo ezinje ngeepiphyte, izityalo zasemanzini, kunye nesucculents.
Nangona ngaphezulu kwe-230 yamawaka eentlobo ze-angiosperms zaziwa ngoku, kusekho ezininzi eziza kufunyanwa. Namhlanje, izityalo zeentyatyambo ziye zangena phantse kuzo zonke izinto ezikhoyo zendalo kwaye ubukho bazo buhamba phambili kwiindawo ezininzi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nesibini kwisithathu see-angiosperms zezetropiki. Nangona kunjalo, umntu uyabatshabalalisa ngesantya esinika i-vertigo. Ziliwaka kuphela iintlobo ze-angiosperms ezinokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho ekufanele ukuba ziqwalaselwe, ngelixa uninzi lokutya kwehlabathi kungenxa yeshumi elinesihlanu kuphela.
IiGymnosperms
Olunye udidi olusezantsi lweqela leSpermatophyta zii-gymnosperms. Njengangaphambili, igama layo livela kwisiLatin. "I-Gymn" ithetha "uhamba ze," ngelixa "sperma" iguqulela "imbewu." Igama "i-gymnosperm" ngokoqobo lilingana "nembewu ehamba ze." Eli gama linikwa zonke ezo zityalo zemithambo ezingenayo intyatyambo kodwa ivelise imbewu. Phakathi kwabo kukho amaqela aliqela:
- ICicadophytes (gcina ezona mpawu zakudala zezityalo zangoku zembewu)
- IConifers
- IiGinkgos
- I-Gnethophytes (yonke into ibonisa ukuba banokhokho ofanayo kunye nezityalo eziqhakazayo)
IiGymnosperms ngokubanzi Zizityalo ezinemithi ene-arboreal, shrubby okanye ukunyuka kwezinye iignetophytes. Ukongeza, banazo iimbewu ezindala kuzo zonke izityalo, kuba yonke into ibonisa ukuba zivela kwiifom ze-Devonia. Nangona sinokufumana ii-gymnosperms kwihlabathi lonke, bahlala bathanda imimandla engaphantsi kwe-arctic kunye neendawo ezipholileyo. I-Gnetophytes kunye nee-cycadophytes ikakhulu zikweleenjiko kunye nakwezifudumeleyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-angiosperms, inani leejimnosperms lincinci kakhulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga ne-70 genera kunye ne-600 yeendidi eziphilayo zeli qela, kuncinci kunakwimeko yezityalo ezidubulayo.
Yonke imihla kufundwa ezinye izinto malunga nezityalo, kungasathethwa ke ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintsha ezifumanekayo. Nangona kunjalo, Akumele silibale ukukhathalela kunye nokugcina abo sele sibazi. Ukugcina okusingqongileyo kukuzikhusela njengohlobo.