Izifo ze-Cryptogamic zezityalo

Izifo ze-Cryptogamic zezityalo zimele uninzi lwe-phytopathology

Njengoko uninzi lwenu sele lusazi, izityalo azikhathazwa zizinambuzane kuphela, kodwa zinokuchaphazeleka zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlukaniswa yi-arhente ye-pathogenic ebangela ukuba. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngezifo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo. Eli gama lisenokungavakali liqhelekile kuwe, kodwa ezinye zezi pathologies ziyenzeka.

Asiyi kuchaza kuphela ukuba zeziphi izifo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo, kodwa siya kuthetha ngemizekelo yazo, njenge-anthracnose okanye i-botrytis. Ke ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngolu hlobo lwe-pathology, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.

Ziziphi izifo ze-cryptogamic?

Izifo ze-Cryptogamic zezityalo zizifo ezibangelwa ngumngundo okanye ezinye iifilamentous parasitic organisms.

Ngaphambi kokunika imizekelo, siya kuqala sichaze ukuba zeziphi izifo zezityalo ze-cryptogamic. Ezi zizifo ezibangelwa ngumngundo okanye ezinye iifilamentous parasitic organisms, njenge oomycetes. Xa izilwanyana zichaphazeleka, olu hlobo lwesifo lubizwa ngokuba yi "mycosis".

Kodwa yintoni ihlelo elinomdla le "cryptogamic" elibangelwa? Kulungile, zombini iifungi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifakwe kwi-filamentous ziye zahlelwa njengezityalo ze-cryptogamous. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba izifo ezizibangelayo zaziwa ngokuba zizifo ze-cryptogamic. Iifom apho ezi pathologi zibonakaliswa zihluke kakhulu, imele malunga nama-90% konke izifo zezityalo, okanye izifo zezityalo.

Ukuvela kwezifo zezityalo ze-cryptogamic

Ngokumalunga nokuvela kwezifo ze-cryptogamic kwizityalo, ungcoliseko lwenzeka kuqala. Iimbewu ze-cryptogamous fungi zithuthwa, ngomoya umzekelo, ukuya kwizityalo, apho zifakwe khona. Kanye apho ziqala ukuntshula zize ziphele ngokungena ngaphakathi kwizicubu zesityalo.

Umngundo ohlaselayo udlula kwi stomata kunye ne lenticels, eziyimivulo yendalo kwizityalo. Iqhelekile ukuba ikwazi ukuhamba nge-cuticle! Unokufikelela ngaphakathi kwimifuno ngokwenzakala ukuba isityalo ekuthethwa ngaso sinaso. Ezi nzakala zingabangelwa zombini iinambuzane kunye nathi, ngokungakhathali xa uphatha imifuno.

Nje ukuba ungcoliseko lwesityalo lugqityiwe, lixesha lesigaba esilandelayo: Ukufukamela. Oku kuxa umngundo uqala ukuphuma kwaye uhlasele iiseli zezicubu zezityalo okanye izithuba phakathi kwazo. Emva koko iimpawu zokuqala ziqala ukubonakala, eziphela zikhula kancinci kancinci. Ezi zihamba kunye neziqhamo zomngundo.

Ezo zityalo zihlaselwe yi-cryptogamous organisms zinokuphela. Ngamanye amazwi: Banokubandezeleka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kweenqanawa, i-necrosis yezicubu, njl. Xa kuziwa ekulweni nezi ntlobo zezifo, Iifungicides zihlala zisetyenziswa ekubeni zidla ngokuba ngumngundo ohlasela izityalo.

Apha siza kuthetha ngezinye imizekelo yezifo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo, Ndiqinisekile ukuba ezinye zivakala ziqhelekile kuwe.

I-anthracnose

Okokuqala kukho i-anthracnose eyaziwayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-canker okanye i-canker. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezishushu. Umngundo ojongene nesi sifo udla ngokuba ngowe-genera Gloeosporium o Colletotrichum, okanye ube yinxalenye yolo hlobo IConiothyrium fuckelii.

I-anthracnose inokosulela izityalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimithi ukuya kwimifuno. Izityalo ezichaphazelekayo zinokubonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nezi zilandelayo:

  • Amabala atshoneyo emagqabini anenkangeleko emanzi kwaye anemibala eyahlukeneyo.
  • I-Necrosis kwimithambo-luvo yamagqabi, iintyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye neziqu.
  • ukufa kunye nokubola kwezicubu (njengesiphumo se-necrosis).
I-anthracnose kwihashe chestnut
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
I-Anthracnose, enye yeefungi ezichaphazela kakhulu izityalo

Amaxesha amaninzi, i-anthracnose iqala ukuvela kumanxeba okwenziwa xa kuxhunyelelwa iziqu. Kwakhona ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ukuzibonakalisa kumanxeba abangelwa ukuthenwa. Ngoko ke kufuneka silumke kakhulu xa sisenza le misebenzi. Ukuba sikrokrela ukuba izityalo zethu zinokosulelwa zezi fungi, Kufuneka siqale unyango ngokukhawuleza ukulawula isifo. Ukuthintela ukubonakala kwayo, kungcono ukusebenzisa imbewu echasene nolu hlobo lwefungus.

Ukuba imifuno yethu sele yosulelekile, sinokuzama unyango ezahlukeneyo Ukuthintela i-anthracnose:

  • Tshabalalisa izicubu zezityalo ezichatshazelwa yifungus.
  • Faka imichiza yokungunda.
  • Ukulwa nama-parasites kunye nezinambuzane ezisasaza olu hlobo lomngundo.
  • Amayeza endalo: Faka i-horsetail okanye i-nettle slurry, okanye sebenzisa imichiza yokungunda eyenziwe ekhaya eyenziwe ngobisi, ikonofile kunye nesoda yokubhaka.

IBotrytis

Esinye sezifo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo yi IBotrytis cinerea, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-botrytis. Ngeli xesha yingungu yodidi eBotryotinia yentsapho Sclerotiniaceae. Ngokukodwa, iintlobo ezibangela esi sifo IBotryotinia fuckeliana. Le fungus ayichaphazeli kuphela izityalo, kodwa kunye nezilwanyana kunye neebhaktheriya. Ewe ngokunjalo, umkhosi wawo owuthandayo ngumdiliya. 

Njengoko kuninzi lokungunda, umngcipheko wosulelo uyanda kakhulu xa okusingqongileyo kushushu kwaye kufuma. I-Botrytis ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-grey mold, kuba enye yeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo kukubonakala kohlobo oluthile lomgubo ongwevu kwisityalo.

IBotrytis sisifo esiqhelekileyo sokungunda
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
IBotrytis

Nangona kuyinyani ukuba i-botrytis sisifo esilula ukusihlukanisa, kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda ekuqaleni. Ukukunceda ekubhaqweni kwayo, siza kubona ngezantsi iimpawu ezibangelwa ngumngundo IBotryotinia fuckeliana

  • Amagqabi ajike abe mdaka aze avuthuke
  • Ukukhula okucuthekileyo kwesityalo esichaphazelekayo
  • Iziqu ezithatha ukwakheka okuthambileyo okanye ukubola
  • Ukufa kunye nokuphunza kweentyatyambo
  • Iziqhamo ezijika zibemdaka omnyama okanye zibe mnyama kwaye ekugqibeleni ziwe
  • Ukubonakala kweempawu zempunga ezimpunga kwiziqhamo, amagqabi kunye neziqu

Ngumbungu

I-Mildiu ligama elinikwe izifo ezahlukeneyo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo.

I-Mildiu ligama elinikwe izifo ezahlukeneyo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo. Zonke zezo zibangelwa yi-oomycetes yentsapho peronosporaceae. Kodwa yintoni i-oomycetes? Igama lithetha "iqanda lokungunda" kwaye ngokusisiseko liqela leeprotist ezinefilamentous eziyinxalenye yeqela lepseudofungi. Ezi pseudofungi ziintlobo zokungunda ezifana kakhulu nefungi yokwenyani. Nangona kunjalo, abazalani nabo.

Izifo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Downy mildew-type cryptogamic zisasazwa zimbewu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivela ngexesha lemvula kunye namaqondo okushisa aphezulu, oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwama-25 degrees. Ngezi meko zifanelekileyo, esi sinambuzane okanye isifo sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Iioomycetes ezibangela ukungunda zikhula kwiziqhamo, kwizikhondo nangaphakathi emagqabini ezityalo.

Umngundo sisifo esinyangekayo
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
Ngumbungu

Sinokusibona njani isikungu? Esi sifo sibonakala ngokubonakala kwamachokoza aluhlaza okukhanya aphela ajike abe tyheli okanye abemdaka kumphezulu wamagqabi. Endaweni yoko, uhlobo lwefuzz engwevu ludla ngokuvela kwicala elingaphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, amagqabi ayoma aze awele kwisityalo. Iziqu ezingacacanga nazo zinokuchaphazeleka. ngethamsanqa zikhona iimveliso zokulwa ulusu.

Phakathi kwezifo zokungunda, eyona nto yaziwayo IPlasmopara viticola, edla ngokuhlasela umdiliya. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zi peronospora farinosa, echaphazela kakhulu isipinatshi; i P. manshurica, echaphazela kakhulu iimbotyi zesoya; kunye nezinye ezonakalisa imifuno eyahlukeneyo njengeitapile, iitumato, itswele, iletisi, njl. Nakweyiphi na kwezi zinto, izivuno zezityalo ziyancipha kakhulu.

ukungunda

Esinye sezifo ze-cryptogamic zezityalo kufuneka sigxininiswe: ukungunda, okwakwaziwa ngokuba ngumgubo wokungunda. Ngeli xesha, i-fungus ebangela i-pathology yi Uncinula necator. Njengoko esi sifo siqhubela phambili, amagqabi emifuno echaphazelekayo ajika aphuzi kwaye ekugqibeleni ayome. Nangona kunjalo, ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zezi zilandelayo:

  • Ingubo emhlophe okanye engwevu njengothuthu, egquma amagqabi.
  • Imbonakalo yamabala amhlophe akhangeleka njengothuli.

Enye yeendawo ezithandwa kakhulu ukungunda Le yindawo yeMeditera. Kukho zonke iimfuno zophuhliso oluchanekileyo lwefungus zifezekisiwe: Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukufuma okuphezulu, umoya ongekho mgangathweni, umoya omdala, amanqanaba okukhanya aphantsi, kunye nenitrogen egqithisileyo. Zonke ezi zinto ziququzelela ukusasazeka kwe powdery mildew.

Ngundo ngumngundo
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
Umngundo womphunga

Ngokukhawuleza ukuba sifumene iimpawu zokuqala ze ukungunda, Amagqabi awosulelekileyo kufuneka asuswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, kulungele kakhulu ukuphucula i-aeration yesityalo kunye negadi yeziqhamo ngokubanzi. Kule nto sinokubhenela ekutheneni imifuno kwaye sisuse ezinye izityalo, xa kwenzeka ukuba ubuninzi buphezulu. Ukuba asithathi isenzo, i-powdery mildew iya kuqhubeka iqhubela phambili. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhula kwesityalo kuya kuthotha kwaye amagqabi ajike abe tyheli aze afe.

Xa kuziwa ekulweni nalo mngundo, kukho unyango oluninzi lokutshiza esinokuthi sisebenzise emagqabini. Zezi zilandelayo:

  • Sebenzisa isiqingatha selitha yobisi olukhutshiweyo kwiilitha ezisi-8 zamanzi. Olu nyango lusebenza kakhulu.
  • Nciphisa i-75 milliliters ye-hydrogen peroxide kwiilitha ezintlanu zamanzi.
  • Isulphur: Singayisebenzisa kwisitshizi esimanzi okanye umgubo owenziwe ngemivumbo. Kakade ke, akufanelekanga ukuba isetyenziswe ngexesha leentyantyambo.

Le ibe yimizekelo nje embalwa yezifo ezaziwa kakhulu ze-cryptogamic zezityalo. Kukho ezininzi ngakumbi kwaye ukuqondwa kwayo ngokukhawuleza ngundoqo ekukwazini ukusindisa isityalo.


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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
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