Umthi womnquma ngumthi olinywa ngokwesiqhelo kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu eYurophu, nesineziqhamo ezixabiseke kakhulu kuba sivela ioli ye umnquma, ixabiseke kakhulu kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwindawo yokutya kunye namakhitshi eMeditera.
Kuyenzeka ukuba izifo zomnquma zibangele ukuba isivuno saso sincitshiswe kakhulu, nokuba ingaba sisihlahla somnquma esiqhelekileyo, esixhomisa amehlo okanye esinamandla amakhulu, umngcipheko kubomi bomthi xa ifikelela kumanqanaba ayo abukhali. Kungenxa yoko le nto kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngezifo eziphambili ezichaphazela umnquma kunye nendlela yokunyanga.
Uhlaziyo
Imele ukuba kunokwenzeka esona sifo siqatha ukuba umthi womnquma ungazisa. Ibanga ukususwa kwangoko komthi, okuchaphazela ngqo ukuveliswa kwawo kwaye kuwenze buthathaka, ukongeza ekubangeleni ukwenzakala kumagqabi awo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ichaphazela iziqhamo kunye neziqu okanye iziqu zazo.
Kule meko, i Unyango lokungunda Zisoloko zizezona zinika isiphumo esisebenzayo ukuze kugcinwe i-repilo ilawulwa, nangona isenziwa ngokuthena, isusa amagqabi agulayo kwaye ifake izichumisi ngaphandle kwe-nitrogen, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo, kuba kwimeko yesi sifo, ungabi ngqwabalala.
Iigill okanye amathumba entanyeni
Sisifo esibangelwa yiAgrobacterium tumefaciens, a intsholongwane Ihlala ichaphazela imithi emincinci. Ukuyiphepha, kubalulekile zama ukuba umnquma awunawo amanxeba, kuba esi sifo sihlala sisasazeka ngale ndlela ngokuvumela ibhaktiriya ukuba yosulele kwaye ihlasele umthi womnquma.
Uninzi lwazo Unyango olusetyenziselwa ukulwa le bhaktiriya aziqheleki esebenzayo, ukuze eyona nto ilungeleyo kukuthintela umthi ekubeni wosulelwe ngokuwugcina ukwimeko efanelekileyo kunye nokuthintela nakuphi na ukwenzakala okunokwenzeka.
Xa umthi womnquma sele wosulelekile, kungcono ukuwuncothula.
Umthi womnquma uyathandaza
Inezinambuzane ezihambelana kakuhle nomthi womnquma, kuba itya izizukulwana ezithathu ngonyaka: antóphaga, carpophaga kunye sobulumko. Kuzo zonke ezi zizukulwana okanye amabakala, esi sinambuzane sitya amagqabi, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo zomthi.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga ukubulala izinambuzane ezinceda ukugcina inundu lomnquma phantsi kolawulo, nangona kunjalo, umanyano lwabo balimi kufuneka balwe neMithandazo zihlala zi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu yehlobo.
Umnquma i-verticillosis
Sisifo esibangelwa bubukho be ukungunda komhlaba, enonyango olunzima ngokwenene. Kule mihla, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iindidi ezinganyangekiyo kunye / okanye ingcambu ukuze kutyalwe loo mithi yeminquma yosulelekileyo.
Amagqabi amadala athanda ukujijeka aze athabathe ithoni etyheli aze awe, kuba nangona evela ezingcanjini, eli mushroom qhubeka phambili emthini ukuyityumza iye kumasebe ayo, ibashiya bethathaka kwaye bomile. Unyango lwe-verticillosis luquka ukuqesha iingcali ukuba zenze ulawulo lwebhayolojiUmzekelo: i-biofumigation, nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezintsha, ezithi xa zibolile, zihlasele iintsholongwane.
Ukongeza, ezinye iindlela zonyango ezinje ukujikeleza ilanga, ejolise ekusebenziseni iiplastiki ukugubungela umgangatho, kwaye ivumele ukuba ifumane iqondo lobushushu, ukukhanya kunye nokufuma.
Xyella fastidiosa
Iziqulatho ze intsholongwane enesifo esikhulu kakhulu sepathogenic, idluliselwa ngokwendalo phakathi kwezityalo ngenxa yesenzo esenziwe izinambuzane ezininzi, ezisebenza njengabathwali besifo, ke ulawulo lweXylella fastidiosa luhlala luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Nangona ngoku kungekho nyango lokwenyani ukulwa le bhaktiriya, iintlobo ezithile zomnquma zase-Itali ziyaziwa ukuxhasa ubukho beXylella Fastidiosa.
Isifo selothe
Kuyenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba umthi womnquma uyasivelisa esi sifo, xa sele sinaso amabala amthubi namdaka ngeemilo ezingaqhelekanga. Esi ayisosifo esaziwayo, esidla ngokudideka repilo, nangona kulo mbala umbala ongwevu kunye nesandi sesilivere sinokubonakala ngasemva kwamagqabi.
Unyango oluphambili luhlala lukhona ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali ntsholongwaneNangona kunjalo, amanye amanyathelo anjengokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ngaphandle komxholo we-nitrogen ophezulu, ukuthena okukhethiweyo kunye nokuphelisa amagqabi agulayo, kuvumela ukunciphisa kungekuphela nje imeko yesifo esikhokelayo, kodwa nobukrakra baso.
Umnquma wesepha
Sisifo esidala ukubonakala kwamabala asetyhula amdaka emazantsi esiqhamo somthi womnquma, nesibangelwa bubukho be umngundo owaziwa ngokuba yiColletotrichum.
La mabala akhupha ulwelo lweorenji kunye nolwe gelatin olwenza ukuba isiqhamo sibole kwaye siwe emthini okanye sihlale singcwatyiwe. Kuyenzeka ngokufanayo ukuba ichaphazele amasebe, ezibangela ukuba zome kwaye zinganiki amahlumela amatsha.
Unyango lwayo lubandakanya ukufaka isicelo izisombululo zethusi sulphate kuthintelwe kuphela xa kuyindawo yomngcipheko. Ngokufanayo, kufuneka sebenzisa i-cupric sulfates ngexesha lokwindla nasebusika, kuba kula maxesha ukufuma kunye neqondo lobushushu zihlala ziluncedo kukwanda kwayo.
Kuya kufuneka uphumeze tshisa kwaye utshayele zala malungu omthi awela emhlabeni, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukungunda ukuhlala kungasebenzi.
Umnquma ubhabha
Kuyaziwa njengenye yezinambuzane kuchaphazela enkulu Ukuya rhoqo kolu hlobo lwemithi, nokuba yeyomthonyama, inomdla kunye / okanye imithi yeminquma ephezulu kakhulu.
Xa ufaka unyango, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba iintlobo ezithile zomthi womnquma zihlala zithande ukuvela kwesi sifo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemigibe kule mithi Yindlela esebenzayo yokulawula izizukulwana zokuqala zale nkumbi, ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukufaka unyango lobhedu ngakumbi kwezo ndawo apho ukufuma okukhona kuhlala kuqokelela kwaye apho kungekho moya ungako. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ungasebenzisi gwenxa ubhedu kuba inokubulala nezinye izinto zokungunda eziluncedo kubomi bomthi womnquma.