Yintoni kwaye yintoni intyatyambo yehlathi le-laurel?

Ngaba ukhe weva ngelaurisilva? Kwiplanethi esihlala kuyo sifumana izixokelelwano ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, nganye nganye ineemeko zayo, kwaye kwimimandla enemozulu efudumeleyo nefumileyo inezityalo ezithile. Uninzi lwazo lukhuliswe kwiigadi, njengoko zingenalo nje kuphela ixabiso lokuhombisa, kodwa zikwaqhelana kakuhle neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ke ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zamahlathi e-laurel, apho afumaneka khona, zeziphi iintyatyambo ezihlala kuzo, nokunye okuninzi, ungaphoswa yile post.

Ivela phi ihlathi lelaurel?

Malunga neminyaka engama-66 yezigidi eyadlulayo, uninzi lweetropiki zomhlaba zazihlala kwihlathi le-laurel. Ngelo xesha, into esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge-basin basin, i-Eurasia kunye noMntla-ntshona weAfrika bonwabele imozulu eshushu kakhulu kunanamhlanje, kwaye iintyatyambo ezazikho zikholelwa ukuba ziyafana kakhulu nezamahlathi akhoyo eMacaronesia.

Xa kwenzeka ixesha lomkhenkce, Ekupheleni kwelo xesha kunye nenxalenye yeQuaternary, ii-cap polar zandisiwe, ngoko ke amaqondo obushushu ehla emhlabeni, kungoko ke kushenxiswa iintyatyambo zombindi kunye nomazantsi eYurophu ukuya kwiingingqi eziqhubeka emazantsi, Ngaselunxwemeni lomntla-ntshona weAfrika nakwiziqithi zaseMacaronesian.

Ekupheleni kwexesha lomkhenkce, iintlango zoMntla Afrika zaqala ukusasazeka, ukuze iintyatyambo kwezi ndawo ziye zatshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe yenye eyayinokumelana ngcono nembalela. Yiyo loo nto izityalo zeMeditera zaqala ukuvela kwazo.

Kodwa iintyatyambo eziphakamileyo zaseMacaronesia zazifuna ukuphinda zibuye nomhlaba wazo olahlekileyo, nangona kwakungeyondlwan 'iyanetha kuboImozulu ishushu kwaye iyoma kunangexesha leNqanaba leMfundo ePhakamileyo, ke ngoko wawungenandlela mbini ngaphandle kokuziqhelanisa. Okwangoku, olu tshintsho luvumele iintlobo ezizodwa ukuba ziguquke, ezihlala kuphela kwiindawo ezithile.

Izixhobo

Ihlathi le-laurel, ekwabizwa ngokuba lihlathi elipholileyo okanye ihlathi le-laurel, luhlobo lwamahlathi amafu kunye nemozulu efudumeleyo; Oko kukuthi, ziindawo ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokufuma, ukufudumala, kunye neekhephu ezinobulali okanye ezingekhoyo. Amaxesha onyaka amane achaziwe, nangona umahluko wonyaka kubushushu uphakathi. Kwaye ukuba sithetha ngemvula, zininzi kwaye zisasazwa kakuhle, into ethetha ukuba akukho xesha lonyaka lithetha ngokufanelekileyo.

Ezi meko zenzeka kwezi ngingqi zilandelayo:

• Iziqithi ezibekwe phakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-40º kubude baseMzantsi: njengakwiiCanary archipelago, eMadeira, kwiiI Wild Islands, eAzores naseCape Verde.
• Unxweme olusentshona entshona phakathi kwama-40º nama-55º ebubanzi: amanxweme eChile, ukusuka eValdivia ukuya emazantsi ezwekazi.
• Umda osempuma wamazwekazi phakathi kwe-25º kunye ne-35º latitude: mpuma weBrazil, iArgentina, iParaguay kunye neUruguay.

Injani ihlathi laseCanarian laurel?

Luhlobo lwamahlathi akweleenjiko afumaneka kwezinye zeCanary Islands. Lubonakala ngokuba imihlaba enzulu, imvula iphakathi kwama-500 kunye ne-100mm, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kwe-15 ne-19ºC.

Imvelaphi yayo sizakuyifumana kwixesha lemfundo ephakamileyo, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha yayinwenwela kwinxalenye enkulu ye-basin ye-Mediterranean, kodwa amaqhekeza ekupheleni kwexesha kwaye ngexesha le-Quaternary ayayihambisa kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, ezifana ne-North Africa ne-Macaronesia. Xa amaqondo obushushu eqala ukubuyela kwakhona, asasazeka entlango yeNtla Afrika.

Kude kube namhla, lelinye lamahlathi athe awona mathuba mncinci otshintsho, Ukuze ihlathi le-laurel yaseCanarian yenye yeempawu zendalo zaseYurophu. Ngapha koko, yamkelwe yi-UNESCO: iPaki yeSizwe yaseGarajonay yabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli leSizwe ngo-1981 kunye neNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi ngo-1986; iCanal neLos Tilos de la Palma, zabhengezwa njengoGcino lweeNdalo eziphilayo ngo-1983; kunye neAnaga Rural Park, eTenerife, yindawo yogcino lwezinto eziphilayo.

Umtsalane wehlathi le-laurel laseTenerife

Lowo iTenerife anayo uyamangalisa. Ukutyelela amahlathi ase-Anaga naseTeno, e-Aguagarcía naseTigaiga kufana nokuhamba ukuya kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngakumbi kwi-Tertiary. Abakhange batshintshe nto kwasekuqaleni, ngoko ke akukho nzima ukufumana umbono wokuba laurel wayenjani xa wawungcono.

Izityalo ezinje nge-viñátigo, i-orenji yasendle, i-heather okanye i-willow, phakathi kwezinye, zikhula ezintabeni zesiqithi, zijike zibe ziindawo ezintle.

Zithini iintyatyambo zehlathi lelaurel?

Nangona ihlathi le-laurel lithetha ihlathi le-laurel ngesiLatini, inyani kukuba izityalo esinokuzifumana kwezi ndawo azizizo nje i-laurel; ewe kunokubakho, kodwa ngaphezulu kwala matyholo / imithi yintoni na uhlobo lwe-lauroid flora. Oku kuthetha ukuba ziyafana neLaurus, ngakumbi amagqabi awo.

Kwaye, xa usisityalo ukuba ufuna ukusinda kufuneka uphephe ukufuma okugqithileyo, yile nto yenziwa yiLaurus: ukuba ukhe waqaphela, uyakuqaphela oko amagqabi awo anesikhumba, kwaye ukongeza kuloo nto agqunywe ngumaleko we-wax, ezenza ukuba zihlale zomile ngaphandle kokufuma. Ukongeza, bane-mucron ye-apical ethanda ukuvuza, ke kulula kakhulu ukuhlala usempilweni kwezi meko.

Iintlobo zohlobo lweLauroid zinezicwangciso ezinomdla kakhulu ebomini. Ayisiyiyo le kuphela endikuxelele yona, kodwa nezinye, ezinje:

• Ukukhula kweLianoid: zininzi ezikhula zayame kunye / okanye zizibophelele esiqwini nasemasebeni ukuze zikwazi ukubamba ukukhanya kwelanga kangangoko.
• Epiphytism: ezinye izinto ezizenzayo zihluma kwaye zikhule kumasebe omthi okanye kwizityalo ezikhulu.

Ke, kuxhomekeke kwindawo leyo, ngakumbi i-hemisphere, amahlathi ama-laurel aya kuhlala ngabantu:

UMntla weIkhweyitha

Ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Ukutshutshisa: luhlobo lwemithi ehlala iluhlaza evela kwi-Neotropics, mpuma mpuma ye-USA, eMpuma nase Mzantsi mpuma Asia, nakwiziqithi zase Macaronesia. Banokufikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-30 yeemitha, kwaye bavelise iziqhamo ezihlala zityiwa. Ezona ntlobo zaziwayo yile IPersea americana (iavokhado okanye iavokhado).
• Prunus: Luhlobo lwemithi enqabileyo okanye eluhlaza kunye nezihlahla ezifikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-4 ne-12 yeemitha. Iindidi ezininzi zivelisa iziqhamo ezityiwayo, ezinje nge Prunus armeniacaaca (I-aprikothi), IPrunus dulcis (iamangile) okanye IPrunus persica (ipesika). Bona ifayile.
• UMaytenus: Luhlobo lwemithi emincinci okanye izihlahla, ikakhulu eziyinzalelwane yase Melika, kodwa nase Mzantsi Asia, eAfrika, emantla ntshona e Canary Islands, nase mpuma mpuma we Ethiopia. Bafikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-7 yeemitha.
• ukhotaUhlobo lomthi oluhlala luhlaza kunye namatyholo azalelwa kuMbindi nase Mzantsi Melika, kwi West Indies, nase Afrika kuquka neMadagascar. Bafikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-15 yeemitha.
• ilex: luhlobo lwezihlahla okanye izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ezizalelwa kwimimandla eshushu yomntla weikhweyitha. Ezona ntlobo zaziwayo yile Ilex aquifolium (Ngcwele).
• UQuercus: Luhlobo lohlobo oluhlala luhlaza okanye lwemithi enqabileyo yemveli eYurophu, eNtshona Asia, eMantla nase Mzantsi Melika edla ngokufikelela kubude obufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-20.
• ILaurus: luhlobo lwesihlahla esihlala sihlaza okanye umthi womthonyama kwingingqi yeMeditera. Unokufikelela kubude beemitha ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10.
• Iifeni: luluhlu lwezityalo ezivela kwimimandla efudumeleyo kunye nefumileyo yomhlaba, enokukhula njengezityalo eziphantsi (uninzi) okanye njengezihlahla (UDicksonia, Blechnum, njl.).

Umzantsi weikhweyitha

Ukongeza kwezi sizakubona kumantla e-hemisphere, ii-conifers ezikhethekileyo ziyakhula, ezinje:

• IAraucaria: luhlobo lothotho lweeconifers ezalelwa eMzantsi Melika, eNorfolk Island, kwimpuma ye-Australia naseNew Guinea. Banokufikelela kubude beemitha ezingama-20 okanye nangaphezulu. Bona ifayile.
• UNothofagus: luhlobo lothotho lwemithi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-beech esemazantsi e-Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, New Guinea nase New Caledonia. Bona ifayile.

Ithini imeko yakho ngoku?

ILaurisilva yonakaliswa kakhulu ngabantu. Nangona iintlobo ezikhula kuyo zihlala zomelele kwaye zomelele, uxinzelelo oluxhasayo lukhulu kakhulu. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokuba kungokubopha iinkuni okanye ukukhulisa ezinye iintlobo “eziluncedo”, kutshabalalisa amahlathi kwihlabathi liphela, ebeka esichengeni inani elikhulu lezityalo nezilwanyana.