Izityalo zineentlobo ezininzi zokuvelisa ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo kunye neentlobo apho zifumaneka khona. Enye yeendlela zokuphinda uvelise kwakhona iimbewu. Nangona kunjalo, eli gama lisetyenziswe kwizihlandlo ezininzi ngaphandle kokwazi ngokupheleleyo ukuba kusebenza njani kunye neempawu zalo. Ehlabathini kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezidalwa ezihlelwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zinemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukuze ezinye izityalo zisinde.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-spores, iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Spores ziiseli zokuzala ezinokuvelisa iintlobo ezithile zezityalo kunye nefungi. Uncedo olunikezelwa zezi spores njengendlela yokuvelisa kwakhona kukuba Banokwahlulwa ngokulandelelana de bagqibe ukwenza umntu omtsha. Olona phawu lubalaseleyo kuzo kukuba iiseli ezingadingi naluphi na uhlobo lomntu ngamnye ukuba zikwazi ukujolisa kwaye ziphele zisenza isityalo esitsha okanye ukungunda. Le yinto esiyibiza ngokuba kukuveliswa kwakhona kwe-asexual.
Ukuvelisa kwakhona nokwahlulahlula, ezi spores zisebenzisa izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-sporangia. Siyazi ukuba kwiplanethi yethu ayizizo zonke izityalo ezizala ngokufanayo okanye ezineempawu ezifanayo. Olu hlobo lokuvelisa ludlulela kwezo ndawo zinzima ngakumbi ukuze isityalo siphile ukusukela ngendlela ye Akudingeki ukuba izinambuzane zenze impova abajongene nokudlulisa umungu ukusuka kwesinye isityalo ukuya kwesinye.
Zifumaneka phi iintsholongwane?
Siza kuhlalutya ezinye zezona zityalo zaziwayo zivelisayo ngezityalo. Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba izityalo ezingezizo ezomthambo zezona ziphambili. Ezi zezi zivelisa inzala. Yeyona ndlela indala ifunyenwe kubukumkani bezityalo ukuze ikwazi ukuvelisa nokwandisa uluhlu lwayo. Phakathi kwezityalo ezizalisayo ngokusebenzisa ii-spores sineqela le iibryophytes . Apha sinee-moss, i-liverworts, kunye neempondo.
Izityalo zeBryophyte
Ubulembu buthanda ukwenza iingubo ezishinyeneyo nezingqindilili ezogquma umphezulu womhlaba kunye namatye apho zikhula khona kwaye zilungise ii-rhizoids zazo. Njengoko sisazi, ezi zityalo zidala kakhulu kwaye azinazingcambu zinjalo, kodwa zizakhiwo ezincinci ezisebenza njengeengcambu. Zibaluleke kakhulu njengoko zinceda ukunciphisa ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. Ngokwesiqhelo ezi mosses zikhula kwiindawo ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokufuma kwendalo kunye badinga obunye ukufuma ukuze baphile. Oku kwenza ukuba ukhukuliseko lungabikho kwaye umhlaba ucebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
I-Liverworts inikwe eli gama kuba inezinto ezifanayo nesibindi somntu. Esinye isityalo esidibene nobulembu, sithatha indawo enkulu kwaye sikhule kwindawo engenelanga kunye nokufuma. Zombini izityalo zifuna ubushushu obuphezulu ukuze zikhule phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo. Kwelinye icala, uphondo ziizityalo ezincinane kakhulu ngobukhulu ezingagqithiyo kubude obungaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-3. Izakhiwo zayo zezakudala kwaye zilula kwaye zimbalwa kakhulu iintlobo ezinokuyimela kuba iya isiba yinto enqabileyo.
Izityalo zePteridophyte
Kukho nelinye iqela lezityalo ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa kwakhona ngezityalo. Eli qela zizityalo ezinemithambo kwaye zikwasebenzisa le ndlela yokuzala ukusukela azinazo iintyatyambo nembewu. Owona mmeli wee-pteridophytes zii-ferns. Ziyaziwa ngegama lezityalo ezisezantsi zemithambo kuba, nangona zineengcambu, ziphucukile kancinci kunezinye izityalo eziphezulu ezinje ngezityalo ze-angiosperm kunye nezityalo zejimnosperm.
Izahlulo zihlelwa njani ngokwemilo yazo nendawo ezikuyo?
Ii-spores zinokuhlelwa ngokomsebenzi wazo, ubume, imvelaphi yomjikelo wobomi okanye ngokuhamba kwazo:
Makhe sihlalutye ukuhlelwa ngokokusebenza kwabo. Xa sihlalutya ifungi sibona ukuba bane-spores ze-multicellular Unodonga olungqingqwa ngenxa yokuveliswa kwakhona kwe-asexual. Iyaziwa ngegama le-chlamydospore. Sinenxalenye yesondo eyaziwa ngegama le-zygospora, ekwaziyo ukwahlula nge-meiosis xa iimeko zokusingqongileyo zilungele ukuhluma.
Ii-spores zinokuhlelwa ngokwemvelaphi yazo ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi. I-meiotic spore okanye i-meiospore yimveliso ye-meiosis, Oko kuthetha ukuba yi-haploid kwaye iya kuvelisa iiseli ze-haploid okanye abantu. Olu luphawu lomjikelo wobomi wezityalo kunye nobulembu. IiMitospores ziveliswa yindlela yokuphalaza kwaye zisasazwa ngokufuthi ngenxa ye-mitosis. Uninzi lwefungi luvelisa ispoundous spores okanye mitoespores.
Okokugqibela, sinokuhlela ii-spores ngokwendlela ezihamba ngayo okanye ukuhamba kwazo. Ukuhamba kukukwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimeleyo nangokuzenzekelayo. Iimbewu ziyahlula ngokwendlela ezihamba ngayo. IiZoospores zinokudlula kwiflagella enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwaye zinokufumaneka kwezinye i-algae kunye nefungi. Nangona ii-autospores zingenako ukuhamba, Awunakho ukubanakho ukwenzakalisa. I-Spores zikhutshwe ngokubonakalayo kwimizimba eneziqhamo (ezinje ngomngundo).
I-algae kunye neebhaktiriya ezine-spores
I-Algae inokuphinda ivelise ngokwesini kunye nangokwasemzimbeni. Kwimeko yokuveliswa kwakhona kwe-asexual, basebenzisa ii-spores ukulungiselela le njongo. Olona hlobo lulula kakhulu lusebenzisa ii-spores kwinkqubo ezinokufana okuninzi kwinqanaba lokuzala lokuzala, kusetyenziswa amaza olwandle endaweni Imisinga yomoya ukusasaza ii-spores zabo kuyo yonke loo ndawo. Ngale ndlela, indawo yokuhanjiswa kwe-algae inokunyusa kwaye iqinisekise ikoloniyali yendawo.
Okokugqibela, ezinye iintsholongwane zinakho ukuzala kwakhona ngokusebenzisa imbewu. Kule meko, iseli nganye ihlala ivelisa ispore, kwaye basebenzisa olu hlobo lokuzala njengendlela yokuphila kwindawo engathandekiyo, endaweni yokuqhela ukuzala. Ezinye iintsholongwane zinokubangela imeko yespore ukuba izikhusele utshintsho lobushushu, ukunqongophala kokutya okanye amanzi, okanye ityuwa egqithisileyo, ipH, okanye imitha, njl, ngaphezulu kwexesha. Ezinye zezi spores zihlala ixesha elide kwaye ziyakwazi ukuphila kwiimeko ezimbi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngale ngcaciso ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-spores, iimpawu kunye nomsebenzi.