UBukumkani Plantae

UBukumkani Plantae yaqala ukuvela ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-500 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha iplanethi yayahluke kakhulu kule siyaziyo namhlanje; enyanisweni, kwakwahluke kakhulu ukuba ngekhe sikwazi ukusinda, kuba yayiqhelekile into yokuba ii-asteroids kunye neekometshi zibethe eMhlabeni mihla le.

Kakhulu kangangokuba ubomi besityalo bokuqala baqala elwandle. Kuqala yayiziiseli ezinikezela ubume kwizinto eziya zisiba nzima: njenge-mosses. Emva kwexesha izityalo zokuqala zaziza kuvela ezaziza kuvela ngaphezulu, kwaye kamva ezomhlaba zazizenza.

Buyintoni ubukumkani basePlantae?

Ngokona kubanzi, ubukumkani bePlantae bobabo bonke abantu abaphilayo abanemisebenzi ibandakanya ifotosinthesisi; Oko kukuthi, ukuguqula amandla elanga kunye neoksijini ibe siswekile, nokutya kwabo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezityalo ngokwazo, ubulembu bukwabandakanywa kobu bukumkani. Ngapha koko, akukho sityalo sinokubakho namhlanje ukuba bekungekho nge-algae. Bangokhokho bakho ngqo; owokuqala ukwenza iplanethi iplanethi.

Ngoku, kubalulekile ukuthi, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, akukho nto iphilayo yobukumkani ePlantae ekwaziyo ukuhamba. Naphi na apho ikhula khona, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ihlale apho ngonaphakade. Enye into eyahlukileyo kakhulu kukukwazi ukunyuka, into enje ngokuba Icandelo leCarthenocissus tricuspidata (umdiliya ongeyontombi), okanye I-Clematis vitalba (clematis).

Ucalulo lobukumkani iPlantae

Kuqikelelwa ukuba zingama-323.674, XNUMX iindidi zezinto eziphila kobu bukumkani bukhulu, zisasazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Izityalo ngaphandle kweentyatyambo

• irhodophyta: Ziyi-algae ebomvu, izinto eziphila emanzini ezivele kwiMesoproterozoic (malunga neminyaka eyi-1600 yezigidi eyadlulayo). Bayakwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesisi, kuba baneeklorofili. Kukho iintlobo ezingama-7000.
  Imizekelo: ILaurencia, IChondrus crispus.
• IChlorophytaI-algae eluhlaza ihlala emanzini amatsha netyuwa. Kukho ezinye ezenza i-lichen. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-4242.
  Imizekelo: IPediastrum, i-Ulva.
• IBryophyta: Ziyi-mosses, izityalo zangaphambili zomhlaba ezihlala kwindawo ezinomthunzi kunye nokufuma. Zinamagqabi kunye nesiqu, kodwa azinazingcambu, ukuba ayizizo iirhizoids enkosi apho zifunxa amanzi kunye nezondlo emhlabeni. Kukho malunga namawaka angama-24.
  Imizekelo: iConocephalum.
• IPteridophyta: iifeni kunye nezinto ezinje. Zizityalo ezihlala kufutshane neendawo ezifumileyo, zihlala zikhuselekile elangeni, kwaye zivelisa amagwebu emagqabini. Kukho malunga ne-12 lamawaka eentlobo. Imizekelo: IBlechnum gibbum, i-asplenium nidus.

Iintyatyambo zezityalo

• Indawo yokunyanga umzimba: IiGymnosperms (iiConifers, iGinkgo), zezo zingenazo iintyatyambo okanye iziqhamo ngokwazo, kwaye zixhomekeke nasemoyeni ngenxa yempova. Kukho malunga ne-1052. Olunye ulwazi.
• IiAngiosperms: zizityalo ezidubulayo kwaye ezo zineziqhamo eziyinyani. Ngaphandle kwezona zinto zangoku, zezona zininzi zinama-280.000 eentlobo. Olunye ulwazi.

Zahlulwa njani izityalo kubukumkani iPlantae?

Ukuba sigxila kwizityalo kuphela, sishiya ubulembu kunye nobulembu, bahlulahlulwe baba ziijimnosperms, zezo zingenazo iintyatyambo zokubonisa; kunye nee-angiosperms ezenzayo.

Izityalo zeGymnosperm

Luthotho lwe izityalo ezinemithambo ezivelisa imbewu, kodwa ezi "ze"; Oko kukuthi, azenziwanga kwi-ovary evaliweyo kwaye ke ngenxa yoko abananto yokuzikhusela. Intyatyambo lilisebe elivelisa amagqabi achumileyo, abizwa ngokuba zii sporophylls. Njengoko imbewu ivezwa, ezi zityalo azinazo iziqhamo ezifanelekileyo.

Babonakala ngexesha leMesozoic, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-250 yezigidi eyadlulayo, kwaye abatshintshanga kangako ukusukela ngoko. Oku kubandakanya ii-cycads, ii-conifers, i-gnetids (ezinje nge iWelwitschia mirabilis) kunye nomthi, Ginkgo biloba.

U mzekelo

Kuqikelelwa ukuba zili-15 iintsapho zezityalo, ezinamalungu angama-80 ezityalo nezityalo ezimalunga nama-820, ezinye zazo zezi zilandelayo:

• IAraucaria auracana: sisihombiso esisisigxina sePatagonia yaseArgentina. Ifikelela kuma-50 eemitha ukuphakama, kwaye ine-trunk ethe nkqo, eyindilinga. Amasebe ahluma ukusuka kwiimitha ezininzi ngaphezulu komhlaba, kwaye amagqabi e-acicular aphela kwinqanaba avela kuwo. Bona ifayile.
• Icycas revoluta: sisityalo esikhula e-Asiya, ngakumbi eMpuma. Inomboko wobuxoki ovela kuwo isithsaba sepinathi kunye namagqabi anesikhumba minyaka le. Ukusuka embindini, kuvela i-inflorescence, enokuba ngumfazi okanye indoda. Iyokuqala ingqukuva kwaye icekeceke, kwaye enye inde kwaye imxinwa. Bona ifayile.
• IPinus pinea: yipayini yelitye, yemveli kwingingqi yeMeditera. Ikhula umboko omde weemitha ezingama-50 okanye nangaphezulu, unesithsaba esingaqhelekanga esenziwe ngamagqabi e-acicular. Bona ifayile.

Izityalo zeAngiosperm

I-Angiosperms zizityalo ezineentyatyambo kwaye zikhusela imbewu yazo. Babonakala ngexesha leCretaceous, malunga neminyaka eyi-145 yezigidi eyadlulayo, kwaye basaqhubeka nokuvela namhlanje. Benza ubudlelwane nezinye izilwanyana, babenze ukuba babe ngabasasazi bezityalo, kwaye ke ezona ziphumelelayo xa kuziwa ekuveliseni iziqhamo kunye nembewu.

Bona baphumelele kakhulu. Abaphumelelanga ukoyisa uninzi lwehlabathi, kodwa zezona sizisebenzisa kakhulu xa siyila iigadi. Iindidi ezininzi ze-angiosperms ezikhoyo-kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga nama-257 lamawaka eentlobo ezahlukileyo-zenza ukuba oku kwenzeke. Ukongeza, iintlobo ezimbini ze-angiosperms zinokwahlulwa:

• Monocot: ngabo abo imbewu yabo inebhotile enye. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa kuhluma kuphela igqabi elinye lakudala eliza kuhluma, eliza kuba nemithambo efanayo. Iingcambu zayo zinomdla, kwaye ivelisa iintyatyambo ezintathu okanye ezininzi ngamathathu. Imizekelo: imifuno, kubandakanya nemithi yesundu.
• Iidikethi: Zizityalo ezineebhotile ezimbini kwiimbewu, ezithi xa zihluma zibe namagqabi amabini. Imithambo yamagqabi inokusasazwa kwakhona.

U mzekelo

• IPhoenix dactylifera: ngumthi wesundu. Umthonyama kumazantsi mpuma eAsia, ikhula ibe nye, okanye ngesiqhelo iziqu ezininzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 yeemitha ukuphakama, ithweswe isithsaba ngamagqabi aluhlaza-ohlaza. Bona ifayile.
• UTulipaI-tulip sisityalo esinamaqhuqhuva esidubula entwasahlobo kwaye sihlala silele unyaka wonke. Imvelaphi yayo isuka eIndiya, nangona iNetherlands ingomnye wabavelisi abaphambili. Bona ifayile.
• IWisteria sinensisI-Wisteria yindawo enqabileyo yokukhwela kwi-China. Inokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-30 ukuphakama, kwaye inamagqabi aluhlaza oqaqambileyo. Izihloko zawo zeentyatyambo zivela entwasahlobo, kwaye zililac. Bona ifayile.

Yintoni ukubaluleka kobukumkani iPlantae?

Izityalo, ulwelwe kunye nobulembu zibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yezi zizathu:

• Ngawona mthombo uphambili weoksijini: I-Phytoplankton, eyenziwe yi-algae, ivelisa i-50% yazo zonke ioksijini emhlabeni.
• Zifunxa ikharbhon diokside: yi-photosynthesis, bathatha i-CO2, ngaloo ndlela banceda ukuphucula umgangatho womoya.
• Badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimijikelo eyahlukeneyo yendalo: Njenge nitrogen umzekelo. Zininzi izityalo, ezinjengeembotyi, ezilungisa initrogen emhlabeni. Ndiyabulela kule ezinye iintlobo zingakhula.
• Banokusetyenziswa okuninzi kwizilwanyana kubandakanya nabantu: imithi umzekelo yindawo entle yokusabela ehlotyeni, kuba amagqabi ayo akhusela elangeni; ezininzi zikulungele ukusetyenziswa, ezifana neletisi, irayisi okanye imithi yeorenji. Eminye yeenkuni iyasetyenziswa, okanye ukufumana isibonelelo sempilo.

Ucinga ntoni ngalo mbandela? Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe kratya, cofa apha ukuze ufumane iintlobo zezityalo ezikhoyo:

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Zingaphi iintlobo zezityalo ezikhoyo ehlabathini?