Ukuba uyazi kancinci malunga nehlabathi lezolimo, ngokuqinisekileyo ukhe weva nge-mycorrhizae kunye ne-trichodermas ngaxa lithile, kodwa ngaba uyazi ukuba ziyintoni na? Nokuba kubonakala ngathi bubuxoki, La ngamakhowa amabini axatyiswa kakhulu ngamafama. Zizisa iinzuzo ezininzi kwizityalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka wazi ukuba zisetyenziswe njani kwaye nini.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba unomdla omncinci wokwazi ngakumbi malunga ne-mycorrhizae kunye ne-trichodermas. Kule meko, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda. Siza kucacisa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye, yintoni inzuzo yazo, kwaye njani kwaye nini ukuyisebenzisa. Olu lwazi lunokuba luncedo kakhulu kubalimi abancinci.
Yintoni i-mycorrhizae kwaye yenzelwe ntoni?
Phambi kokuba sichaze ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-mycorrhizae kunye ne-trichodermas, masiqale sicacise ukuba ziyintoni na, siqale nge-mycorrhizae. Ngokusisiseko malunga unxulumano lwesymbiotic phakathi kwefungus mycelium kunye nengcambu yemifuno. Ngale ndlela, zombini ziya kukhula kwi-symbiosis zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezithile omnye komnye.
Kodwa kunokwenzeka njani ukuba umngundo uncede isityalo? Kaloku, le yimbopheleleko yokufunxa kokubini amanzi kunye nezondlo ezifumaneka emhlabeni. Ngaphandle koko, ikhusela iingcambu kwezinye izifo. Ngokubhekiselele kwisityalo, inika i-mycelium fungus kunye ne-amino acids, iswekile kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo, ngenxa yenkqubo ifotosinthesis. Kamva siza kuxubusha ngeendlela ezongezelelekileyo ezincedana ngazo zombini ezi ndlela zobomi.
Ukuba kusabonakala ngathi kukudibanisa okungaqhelekanga kuwe, ndiya kukunika inyani eqinisekisa ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwemifuno kunye nama-mushroom: Namhlanje, Ubuncinci i-90% yazo zonke izityalo ezisemhlabeni zine-mycorrhizae. Ngamanye amazwi: Phantse zonke izityalo ezisemhlabeni zikwisymbiosis nomngundo.
Iindidi
Xa sithetha nge-mycorrhizae, Sinokwahlula iindidi ezimbini ngokobudlelwane ezizisekayo I-hyphae, eyimicu emincinci yomngundo, eneeseli zeengcambu zesityalo. Zezi zilandelayo:
- Endomycorrhiza: Kule meko, i-fungus ihlala kwingcambu yemifuno. Okokuqala ikwenza oko kwi-intercellularly ize iphele ingena ngaphakathi kweeseli zeengcambu.
- I-Ectomycorrhizae: Ngokungafaniyo ne-endomycorrhizae, i-hyphae ye-ectomycorrhizae ayingeni ngaphakathi kwiingcambu zesityalo, kodwa endaweni yoko ihlasela inkqubo yeengcambu ngaphandle kwaye yenze uhlobo lwengubo ejikeleze iingcambu ezincinci.
Njani kwaye nini ukusebenzisa i-mycorrhizae?
Ngokuyinxenye siphendula umbuzo wokuba i-mycorrhizae kunye ne-trichodermas isetyenziswa nini, masiqale sithethe nge-mycorrhizae. Eyona nto icetyiswayo kukuba uzisebenzise ngokukhawuleza ukuba yintoni umjikelo wesityalo, kamsinya emva koqhaqho-fakelo ukuze amakhowa azimise ngokufanelekileyo. Kufuneka sivumele i-mycelium ukuba izimise kwiingcambu phakathi kweeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezine ngaphambi kokuba sisebenzise ezinye iimveliso, ezifana ne-trichodermas.
- izityalo zokulima (hydroponics, izindlu zokugcina izityalo okanye ngaphandle): 3kg/ha ukusuka kusuku lwesixhenxe emva kokutshintshwa.
- Amaqunube kunye namanye amaqunube: 3kg/ha ukususela kusuku lwamashumi amabini emva kofakelo.
- izityalo zemithi (umdiliya, i-olive grove, i-subtropical kunye ne-tropical, imithi yeziqhamo yamatye kunye ne-pip, i-citrus, njl. ulutsha: 2kg/ha.
- Izityalo zemithi kwimveliso: 3kg/ha.
Iinzuzo ekulimeni
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zombini i-fungus kunye nezityalo ziyazuza omnye komnye ngobudlelwane be-symbiotic. Ngelixa i-mycelia ifumana iswekile eziyifunayo, izityalo ziya kubona ukongezwa kwezondlo ukuze zikhule kwaye zikhule ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, Ezi ayikuphela kweenzuzo ezifunyanwa yimifuno. Siza kudwelisa apha ngezantsi:
- Ukufunxa ngcono izondlo namanzi.
- Ukunyamezela okukhulu kwimihlaba enetyuwa kunye namaxesha embalela.
- Ukonyuka kokumelana nokuhlaselwa kwezinye iifungi ze-pathogenic ezibangela izifo.
- Ukutyebisa umhlaba.
- Ukukhula ngcono kwesityalo enkosi kuphuhliso lweengcambu olulolona luphezulu.
Ziziphi iitrichodermas kwaye zenzelwe ntoni?
Ngoku ekubeni sazi enye into malunga ne-mycorrhizae, kukujika kwe-trichodermas. Bazintoni? Zenzelwe ntoni? Ewe, luhlobo lwefungus ye-anaerobic yoludidi I-Trichoderma spp.. Njenge mycelia, iitrichodermas zixhaphake kakhulu kumhlaba wezolimo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukongeza, singazifumana ezi fungi emgqubeni nakwizigodo eziwileyo. Zininzi kakhulu, ziguquguquka kwaye zinenzuzo kubukumkani bezityalo. Babonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwinqanaba lezolimo, esiza kuthetha ngalo kamva.
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba ziluncedo kakhulu kwizityalo, akufuneki sibhidanise i-trichodermas kunye ne-mycorrhizae. Inye kuphela into abafana ngayo kukuba bayinxalenye yobukumkani bomngundo. Umahluko ophambili owahlula zombini iintlobo ukuba i-trichodermas ayixhomekeke kwiingcambu zemifuno ukuze ziphile, kodwa zitya ezinye iifungi ezifumaneka kwirhizosphere. Khumbula ukuba i-mycorrhizae iyasinda ngenxa yonxulumano lwe-symbiotic abalwenzayo neengcambu zezityalo.
Singakwazi ukwahlula zombini iindidi zefungi ngomsebenzi eziwenzayo. Kwimeko ye-trichoderma, ezi zidlala indima yokuzikhusela ngakumbi kwezinye iintsholongwane ezifana neebhaktheriya, i-nematode fungi, njl. IMycorrhiza, kwelinye icala, inceda izityalo ukuba zizondle ngokwazo.
Isetyenziswa njani kwaye nini i-trichoderma?
Xa usebenzisa i-trichodermas, kungcono ukwenza oko ngokunkcenkceshela kwaye ngendlela ephazamisayo. Oku sinokukwenza ngokusebenzisa imibhobho, izixhobo zokunkcenkceshela ngezandla okanye iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela zendawo. Olunye uhlobo lwesicelo ngokuxuba izinto eziphilayo, ezifana umgquba okanye umquba. Ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise i-trichodermas, okokuqala kufuneka sifake amanzi kwimveliso equlethwe ngamanzi imizuzu embalwa kwaye singcangcazele.
Kodwa sifanele siyenze nini? Singasebenzisa la makhowa emva kokuba uqhaqho-fakelo lwenziwe okanye kwimifuno efakwe kwisitya. Eyona nto icetyiswayo kukuba uyenze ukusuka kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kokutshintshwa, ngaphambi kokuba i-15 idlule. Ngokumalunga nedosi, oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuxinzelelo kunye neeyunithi ze-colon-forming (CFU). Ezinye iimveliso ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zicebisa usetyenziso olulandelayo ngamaxesha athile.
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-trichodermas, kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule ukuba Umhlaba kufuneka uqulathe ubuncinci be-1% yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka ube mkhulu kune-2%. Ngaphandle koko, i-trichodermas iya kuba nexesha elinzima kakhulu ukwenza ikoloni yomhlaba ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya. Xa imihlaba ingenayo into ephilayo, ithanda ukuba neminerali eninzi, ngoko ke akukho mngundo apho i-trichodermas inokondla khona.
Iinzuzo ekulimeni
Njenge-mycorrhizae, i-trichodermas izisa uncedo oluninzi kwizityalo kwaye ngenxa yoko nakwizityalo. Phakathi kwezona zinto ziqaphelekayo kwicandelo lezolimo kukusetyenziswa kwayo njenge i-arhente yolawulo lwebhayoloji. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu hlobo lwefungus lukhula kwaye lukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye luvelisa i-enzymes ezininzi ezingabonakaliyo phambi kwezinye iifungi ezibangelwa izityalo.
Njengoko i-trichoderma ikwazi ukukhula kwiisubstrates ezininzi ezahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kulula kakhulu ukuyivelisa ngobuninzi ukuze isetyenziswe kwezolimo. Le fungus inokunyamezela okukhulu kwiimeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iyi-arhente yokulawula egqwesileyo, kuba ihlala kwindawo enye kunye nomngundo obangela izifo kwizityalo. Ngaphandle koko, i-trichoderma inamandla okusinda kumanqanaba aphezulu ezinambuzane kunye nezinye iikhemikhali. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiimodeli zezolimo ezifuna ukuhlanjululwa komhlaba okanye ukulungiswa kwe-bioremediation.
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi zibonelelo eziziswa yi-trichoderma, kukho okungakumbi. Okulandelayo siza kudwelisa zonke izibonelelo eziziswa ngulo mngundo kwizityalo:
- Ivuselela ukukhula kwemifuno.
- Ikhusela imbewu kwezinye iifungi ze-pathogenic.
- Inikela ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kumhlaba nakumhlaba wezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ekubeni isanda emhlabeni.
- Inamandla okubulala iintsholongwane.
- Isebenza njenge-arhente yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-biodegradation ye-agrochemicals.
- Yenye indlela esebenzayo yokugcina amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nezichumisi zekhemikhali.
- Ingasetyenziselwa kwii-substrates ezisetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko ze-zeoponic kunye ne-hydroponic.
- Yinkqubo yebhayoloji eyinkunkuma eyizero, enentlonipho kokusingqongileyo kwaye ayinabungozi ebantwini.