Mhlawumbi ukhe weva ngento ebizwa ngokuba yi "tundra", nokuba kumboniso bhanyabhanya, kuthotho okanye kumboniso. Kodwa yintoni i-tundra? Ngokuqinisekileyo sele uyifumene loo nto yibhayom ebanda kakhulu, igqunywe likhephu kunye nohlaza oluncinane. Phezu kwayo nje indlela esenokubonakala ngathi ayinanto ngayo, zininzi izinto esinokuzifunda ngayo.
Kule nqaku siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni i-tundra, zeziphi iintlobo ezikhoyo kunye neentlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana. La mathafa abonakala engenanto kwaye engenabomi, yindlu exhathisa kakhulu kwaye inika umdla inkqubo yendalo, Iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu abandayo kakhulu. Ukuba unomdla kulo mbandela, musa ukuthandabuza ukuqhubeka ufunda.
Yintoni i-tundra kunye neempawu zayo?
Masiqale ngokuchaza ukuba yintoni i-tundra kunye neziphi iimpawu zayo. Yinkqubo yendalo esemhlabeni. Bucala ngasekhohlo biome Yeyona ndawo ibanda kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba igama layo liguqulelwe ngokwezwi nezwi "ithafa elingenamithi". Abantu abaninzi babiza le biome ngokuthi "intlango yepolar." Iimpawu eziphambili ze-tundra zezi zilandelayo:
- Imozulu ebanda kakhulu.
- Imvula encinci.
- Imimoya enamandla.
- Iyantlukwano encinci kwinqanaba lebhayoloji.
- Umhlaba ombi kakhulu ngokwezondlo.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye i-ecosystems kunye ne-biomes, ii-tundras zihlala zingaziwa nanamhlanje. Ngenxa yendawo ehlala kuyo, kude kakhulu ebantwini, kunye nokufikelela kunzima, zombini ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu kunye nesiqabu, Ezi ziindawo ezingekaphandwa ngokupheleleyo.
Le mimandla ifumaneka kwimimandla yepolar nakwizide eziphakamileyo, eyona ndawo yayo ingumntla wehemisphere. Ukongeza, ii-tundras zigubungela imimandla efana ne-Iceland, iSiberia, iAlaska, iindawo eziphakamileyo phakathi kweArgentina neChile, iziqithi ezahlukeneyo eziphantsi kwe-subantarctic, indawo esemazantsi eGreenland, emantla e-Antarctica, emantla eCanada naseMntla Yurophu, kubandakanya iScandinavia neRussia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phezulu kukho netundra, ngenxa yemozulu ebandayo, imimoya enamandla kunye nemvula encinane.
sezulu
Njengoko indawo ye-tundras ihlala isondele kwiipali kunye nokuphakama okukhulu, ayimangalisi into yokuba iqondo lokushisa apho lihlala lingaphantsi kweedigri zero ixesha elininzi lonyaka, phakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu kunye neshumi. Nje, ubusika kwezi bhayom bumnyama, bude, bomile, kwaye bubanda kakhulu. Kwezinye iindawo, amaqondo obushushu angehla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70ºC. Nangona kuyinyani ukuba umphezulu udla ngokuba nekhephu phantse unyaka wonke, ehlotyeni kunokuvela imvula embalwa, ewe, ngokwemo yekhephu.
Kwiindawo ezigqithiseleyo ze-tundras, ubushushu obuphakathi buphakathi kwe-6ºC kunye ne-12ºC. Nangona kunjalo, kwiincopho zeentaba nakwiindawo eziphakamileyo amaqondo obushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-XNUMX degrees angenzeka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ebusuku baya kuwela ngaphantsi kweedigri zero kwakhona.
Iindidi zetundra
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiingingqi okanye iindawo apho i-tundra ifunyenwe khona, sinokuzihlela zibe ngamaqela amathathu ewonke:
- i-arctic tundra
- Alpine tundra
- Antarctic tundra
Ngezantsi siza kuthetha ngokubanzi malunga nezi ntlobo zintathu ze-biomes.
i-arctic tundra
Okokuqala sineArctic tundra. Le ikuMntla weIkhweyitha, ngaphantsi nje komkhenkce odumileyo weArctic. Ukwandiswa kwalo mmandla kuthatha yonke imimandla engabonakaliyo de ifikelele kwimida yamahlathi akhiwe ngamaconifers, asele eyinxalenye yenye i-biome ebizwa ngokuba yi-taiga. Kubonwa kwimephu, i-Arctic tundra iya kuhlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo yeAlaska kunye nesiqingatha seCanada.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwayen uninzi lwalo mmandla sinokufumana "i-permafrost". Ngumaleko ongaphantsi komhlaba onomkhenkce ngokusisigxina. Kwimeko apho amanzi azalise umphezulu, amachibi kunye ne-peat bogs angenza. Ngale ndlela, izityalo zinokufumana ukufuma okuthile.
Ngokuphathelele uhlaza, akukho zingcambu zinzulu. Nangona kunjalo, ewe sinokufumana iindidi ezininzi zemifuno ekwazi ukumelana nokubanda, umzekelo ingca, i-liverworts, i-sedges, i-mosses, izihlahla eziphantsi, njl.
Izilwanyana ezihlala kule mimandla ziqhelana nobusika obubandayo kunye nobusika obude. Ukongeza, ziyakwazi ukuzala nokuzala ngokukhawuleza ehlotyeni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izilwanyana ezincancisayo kunye neentaka ezihlala kwi-Arctic tundra zihlala zine-fat insulation eyongezelelweyo. Ngenxa yokuba ukutya kunqongophele ebusika, izilwanyana ezininzi zilala, ngoxa ezinye zifudukela emazantsi, ingakumbi iintaka. Ngokuphathelele izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye nezirhubuluzi, zimbalwa kakhulu, ukuba azikho ngokupheleleyo, kule mimandla kanye ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokufuduka rhoqo kunye nokufuduka okukhoyo kolu hlobo lwe-tundra, abantu bahlala betshintsha.
Alpine tundra
Xa sithetha nge-Alpine tundra, sibhekisela kwezo zifumaneka ezintabeni, nokuba zikuphi na eMhlabeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo siwufumana kumphakamo obalulekileyo ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, apho uhlaza lunqongopheleyo kwaye kungekho didi lwamthi lukhula. Ngokuqhelekileyo ixesha lokukhula lihlala malunga neentsuku ezili-180. Ebusuku, iqondo lobushushu lidla ngokuhla ngaphantsi koko bekuya kuba yingqele. Enye into eyenza yahluke kwiArctic tundra kukuba umhlaba ugalelwe amanzi.
Uhlaza olukhoyo kwiAlpine tundra lufana kakhulu nolo lwaseArctic. Oku kuquka amatyholo anamagqabi amancinane kunye nezityalo, izityalo ezifana nengca, kunye nemithi emincinci. Izilwanyana zale mimandla ziqhelene kakuhle kakhulu neemeko. Sinokufumana izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neebhokhwe zasezintabeni, iimarmots neegusha. Ezinye iintaka ezinoboya obukwaziyo ukumelana nokubanda kunye nezinye izinambuzane, ezifana namabhabhathane, iintethe nooqongqothwane, nazo zihlala kolu hlobo lwetundra.
Antarctic Tundra
Ngokuphathelele i-Antarctic tundra, Yenye yezona nkqubo zincinci zixhaphakileyo, kodwa ayikho. Sinokuyifumana kwezinye zeZiqithi zeKerguelen, kwiZiqithi ezikuMzantsi Sandwich nakwiZiqithi ezikuMzantsi Georgia, ezibini zokugqibela ezikummandla waseBritani.
Yintoni i-flora kunye nefauna ye-tundra?
Ukuba siqwalasela uhlobo lwemozulu kwi-tundras, yinto eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi ukuba izilwanyana ziguquke kwaye zilungele ukushisa okubandayo kunye nobunzima. Inomaleko atyebileyo kakhulu phantsi kwesikhumba; ngelixa idyasi iqhelekile kwaye inde. Ukuze zikwazi ukufihla ngcono, ezinye zihlala zimhlophe, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba bazimele ekhephuni kwaye babaleke amarhamncwa.
Phakathi kwezilwanyana ze-tundra kwaziwa kakhulu singafumana oku kulandelayo:
- iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentaka
- iinkomo zemusk
- Iibhere ezimhlophe
- ikharibou
- Ixhama
- Iingcuka
- Hares
- iimpungutye arctic
- IiHalcones
- Iingonyama zolwandle (kufuphi nolwandle okanye kumanxweme)
- Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatywina (kufuphi nolwandle okanye kumanxweme)
Kuba kukho ukutya okuninzi kwi-Arctic tundra, kulapho sinokufumana khona iindidi ezininzi zezilwanyana ngaphezu kweAlpine tundra.
Flora
Ukunikezelwa kwento yokuba i-tundra isisiseko sekhephu kunye neqhwa eligubungela ubuninzi bomhlaba, ihlathi kunye nomhlaba, kunokubonakala ngathi akukho zityalo, kodwa kukho. Kuba amaxesha okukhula adla ngokuba mafutshane, izityalo zithande ukuba mfutshane kwaye azinakuzicingela. Baye baqhelana kakuhle nomhlaba onjalo ngenxa yeziqu ezinoboya kunye nokukwazi ukudumba kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwehlobo elifutshane.
Njengoko sele sichazile ngaphambili, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi ngolo hlobo awavumeli ukuba imithi ikhule, kodwa izityalo ezincinci zenza. Kukho ukuya kwi-400 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zeentyatyambo kwi-tundras. Kakade ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba zithe saa kuwo wonke loo mmandla. Oku kungenxa yeemeko zemozulu zale ndawo kunye nemvula encinci. Ukongeza, ukunqongophala kwezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, eyona nto ibonelela ngezondlo zomhlaba kwizityalo, nako kubaluleke kakhulu. Eminye yemifuno eqhelekileyo kwezi ndawo zezi zilandelayo:
Lilonke kukho malunga ne-1700 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, kuquka i-liverworts kunye nengca. Ehlotyeni, ii-tundras zihlala zigcwele iintyatyambo ezincinci ze-alpine kwaye umhlaba ujika ube luhlaza ngenxa yobuninzi be-mosses, i-sedges, i-heaths, izihlahla ezincinci, i-lichens kunye nengca ekhulayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyimifuno emincinci ekwazi ukumelana nomoya onamandla kunezinye izityalo, ezikwazi ukuzikhusela kwikhephu ngokukhula phakathi kwamatye.
Ewe, kubonakala ngathi siqokelele ulwazi oluninzi malunga nokuba yintoni i-tundra. Njengoko ubona, kwanezona ndawo zingathandekiyo zikhaya kubomi, kwaye zininzi!