Khawufane ucinge ukuba endaweni yokukhanyisa izibane xa kuba mnyama, unokufunda incwadi ngokukhanya kwesityalo esikhanyayo kwidesika yakho, okanye uhambe phantsi kokukhanya komthi oqaqambileyo endaweni yezibane zombane. I izityalo ezikhanyayo Ibisoloko iyinto yokufunda ngoososayensi.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele ukuba zeziphi izityalo ezikhanyayo kunye nokuba zeziphi izifundo ezikulo.
Izifundo ngezityalo ezikhanyayo
Iinjineli zeMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) eCambridge (Massachusetts, eUnited States) ziye zathabatha amanyathelo okuqala asisiseko ukuze kuphile imeko ebonakala ngathi iye yabhangiswa namhlanje kwiintsomi zenzululwazi.
Iqela elikhokelwa nguDkt. Michael Strano, unjingalwazi obalaseleyo wobunjineli beekhemikhali kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wafaka uluhlu lwee-nanoparticles ezikhethekileyo (iincinci ezincinci) kumagqabi ezityalo ze-cress, ukubakhuthaza ukuba bakhuphe isibane esiluzizi phantse iiyure ezine.
Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba xa bekwazi ukukhulisa le nanotechnology, izityalo ziya kuqaqamba ngokwaneleyo ukukhanyisa iindawo zokusebenza. Iqela elivela kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology liye lalima izityalo ezinokukhanya phantse iiyure ezi-4 kwaye zikhanyise amaphepha eencwadi kwindawo ekufutshane.
Obu buchwephesha busenokusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngezibane zangaphakathi ezisezantsi okanye ukuguqula imithi ibe zizibane ezizenzekelayo.
Izinto ezilungileyo zezityalo ezikhanyayo
Ziziphi iingenelo eziphambili kunye neenzuzo zokusebenzisa izityalo ezikhanyayo ukukhanyisa ngaphakathi kunye nezitrato? Ukuyila izityalo eziphilayo zokukhutshwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo kunye nokukhanya okuzinzileyo kunyanzelekile kuba izityalo zineendlela ezizimeleyo zokuvelisa amandla kunye neendlela zokugcina.
Izityalo zinekhabhoni ephindwe kabini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba basebenzisa i-CO2 ngokuvelisa amafutha kwaye ngokwabo bayimveliso yokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni (ukuguqulwa kweCO2 kwiikhompawundi eziphilayo) emoyeni. Xa ubuchule buphuculwe, abaphandi bathi, baya kukwazi ukukhanyisa zonke iindawo zokusebenza okanye basetyenziselwe ukukhanya koluntu.
Izityalo zezona zikhanyiso ezizinzileyo ze-biomimetic ezingaxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na isiseko somntu kwaye zilungelelanise kakuhle kwiindawo zangaphandle. Bazilungisa, sele bekho apho sifuna ukuba basebenze njengezibane zombane, bayasinda kwaye baqhubeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu, banomthombo wabo wamanzi, kwaye bazenza zonke ezi zinto zingasentla ngokuzimeleyo.
Uhlaza olungaqhelekanga
Okubizwa ngokuba "zizityalo ze-nanobionic" yintsimi entsha yophando ekhuthazwa yibhubhoratri yaseStrano, apho idibanisa khona ezahlukeneyo. iintlobo ze-nanoparticles kunye nezityalo zobunjineli ukuba zithathe imisebenzi emininzi ngoku eyenziwa ngezixhobo zombane.
Ngokutsho kweMIT, iqela likaStrano sele lifake iteknoloji kwizityalo zobunjineli ezinokubona iziqhushumbisi kwaye zidlulisele olo lwazi kwi-smartphone, kunye nemifuno eneenzwa ze-elektroniki kumagqabi abo aphendulayo xa elumkisa xa izinga lamanzi liphantsi.
Izazinzulu ze-Arhente zavelisa isityalo se-nanobionic esikwaziyo ukubamba ngaphezu kwe-30 ekhulwini yamandla okukhanya, ifake i-carbon nanotubes kwiiseli ezivelisa i-photosynthesis, kwaye yenza kube lula ukufumanisa izinto ezingcolileyo ezifana negesi ye-nitric oxide.
Iqela likaNjingalwazi uStrano liye lavelisa izityalo ze-nanobionic ngaphambili kunye ne-photosynthesis ephuculweyo kunye nokukwazi ukubona iigesi ezingcolileyo, iziqhushumbisi kunye neemeko zembalela.
«Ukukhanyisa, okubangela malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele, yenye yeethagethi ezinengqiqo kwezi teknoloji zezityalo ezikhethekileyo," uStrano uthe, ephawula ukuba "Izityalo ziyakwazi ukuzilungisa, zibe namandla azo, kwaye zilungelelanise indawo yangaphandle.
Ukudala izityalo zabo ezikhanyayo, iqela le-MIT lajika kwi-luciferase, i-enzyme eyenza i-fireflies ikhanye. I-Luciferase isebenza kwi-molecule ebizwa ngokuba yi-luciferin, eyenza ukuba ikhuphe ukukhanya, ngelixa enye i-molecule ebizwa ngokuba yi-coenzyme A inceda inkqubo ngokususa i-byproduct ye-biochemical reaction evimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-luciferin.
I-Nanoparticles kunye nemifuno phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu
Iqela le-MIT lipakishe nganye yezi nxalenye zintathu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-nanoparticles ye-carrier eyenziwe kwizinto ezichazwe njenge "iyaziwa ngokubanzi njengekhuselekile" yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Isityalo esikhanyayo se-MIT logo sishicilelwe kwii-rocket blades, ezifakwe ngomxube we-nanoparticles.
Ngokutsho kweqela le-Strano, ezi nanoparticles zinceda icandelo ngalinye lifikelele kwindawo echanekileyo yesityalo kunye zithintela ukuba loo malungu angafikeleli kugxininiso olunokuba yityhefu kwisityalo ngokwaso.
Ngokutsho kwababhali beSebe lase-US lophando oluxhaswa ngemali, abaphandi basebenzisa i-silica nanoparticles ukuthutha i-luciferase kunye neencinci ezincinci ze-polymers PLGA kunye ne-chitosan ukuthutha i-luciferin kunye ne-coenzyme A, ngokulandelanayo.
Ukufakela i-nanoparticles ethwala i-nanoparticles kumagqabi ezityalo, abaphandi baqala bamisa i-nanoparticles kwisisombululo solwelo, emva koko bantywilisela izityalo kulwelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni bafaka uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwizityalo ukunyanzela amasuntswana kumagqabi ngokusebenzisa iipores ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-stomata, ngokutsho MIT.
Ekuqaleni kweprojekthi, abaphandi bavelisa izityalo Bakhazimle malunga nemizuzu engama-45 kwaye sele beyifezekisile inkqubo yokubenza bakhanyise kangangeeyure eziyi-3,5.
Okwangoku, i-10-centimeter ye-seedling ye-cress ivelisa malunga newaka lexabiso lokukhanya okufunekayo ukufunda, kodwa abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba banokunyusa kokubili umlinganiselo wokukhanya okukhutshwayo kunye nobude bamandla okukhanya ngokuqhubeka nokwandisa izinga.
I-Luciferase isebenza kwimolekyuli ebizwa ngokuba yi-luciferin kwaye iyinyanzele ukuba ibengezele. Imolekyuli ebizwa ngokuba yicoenzyme A ikwabandakanyeka kule nkqubo., eyenza kube lula.
Ngalinye lala macandelo lithwalwa yi-nanoparticle, eqinisekisa ukuba bafika kwindawo efanelekileyo kwaye bathintele ukuba bagxininise kwindawo ethile, enokuba yingozi kwisityalo. Abaphandi bakwazi ukwenza ukuba izityalo zikhanyise malunga neeyure ezintathu ezinesiqingatha.
Kwaye nangona ukukhanya abakufumanayo kumfiliba noko, bakholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwandisa ubunzulu kunye nobude bokukhanya. Ngokungafaniyo neemvavanyo zangaphambili, ezikwazile ukwenza iintlobo ezithile zezityalo zikhazimle ngenkqubo enzima kakhulu, indlela eyaphuhliswa ngabaphandi be-MIT ingasetyenziswa kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwesityalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba zeziphi izityalo ezikhanyayo kunye neempawu zazo.