Yintoni izityalo?

Okwangoku, iplanethi yoMhlaba kuphela kwendawo eyaziwa yokuphila ubomi. Kwaye okuninzi kobo bomi buhlala buzinzile ngenxa yemisebenzi eyenziwa zizityalo. Ngesi sizathu, zizinto ezibalulekileyo, kuba zininzi izilwanyana (kunye nabantu) ezisebenzisa ezinye okanye ezinye iinxalenye zazo, kuba iziqhamo ezithile, amagqabi kunye / okanye iingcambu zinesondlo kakhulu, ezinje ngamagqabi eletisi okanye iziqhamo. .

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uzibuze ukuba zeziphi kanye kanye izityalo, ngakumbi ukuba ucwangcisa ukubakhulisa. Ngoba? Kuba unyango esikunika lona lunokutshintsha kakhulu.

Zithini ke izityalo?

Izityalo zizinto eziphilayo, Njengam nawe. Kuyinyani: azinakushukuma zakube zihlumile, kwaye Iiseli zazo zahlukile kwezo sinazo izilwanyana. Kodwa ngenxa yoku, bavelisa ukutya kwabo, kuphela ngokukhanya kwelanga, ioksijini kunye namanzi; banokuphila amawaka eminyaka, njengo UPinus longaeva okanye Sequoia iispervirens; ukufikelela kubude obungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-60, ezifana nomthi wesundu I-Ceroxylon quindiuense; okanye udibanise kakuhle kangangokuba zingabonakali ngokupheleleyo, njengeLithops.

Baqala inguquko yabo kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo; ngokukodwa, malunga neminyaka engama-480 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ewe, ngelo xesha kwakungekho mithi, kungekho zityalo zinyukayo, okanye nasiphi na isityalo somhlaba. Ngapha koko, indaleko yaqala xa ii-chloroplast kunye ne-mitochondria zavela kwiiseli, ngenxa yesifo se-bacterial syciosis. Yiyo loo nto ulwelwe oluhlaza, izinyanya zazo zonke izityalo ezazikho kamva kwaye sinokonwabela namhlanje.

Athini amalungu ezityalo?

Iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kuhlobo lwesityalo. Kodwa ngokubanzi, sinokuthi ezona ndawo ziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

Amagqabi

Zingaba zilula, zidityaniswe, zenziwe ngepiniki, okanye zine-pin-pin, iimitha ezininzi ubude okanye iisentimitha ezimbalwa, kunye nomgama wonke, iserrated, okanye ifinyeziwe, ... kunye neetetera ezinde.. Kukho iintlobo ezingama-298.000 zezityalo, ngasinye sinempawu zaso.

Ngoku, onke lawo anamagqabi awasebenzisela into enye: ukwenza ifotosinthesisi; Oko kukuthi, ukufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nekhabhon dayoksayidi emoyeni ngokusebenzisa i-stomata (pores) kumphezulu wazo, ukuyiguqula ibe kukutya (istatshi neswekile). Ngenxa yale nkqubo, bakhupha ioksijini.

Isiqu

El isiqu, ukuba unayo, ingangaphezulu okanye ingaphantsi, ibe mfutshane okanye inde, kwaye inemibala eyahlukeneyo. Nangona singacingi ngayo, eli candelo lesityalo linokuphumeza nomsebenzi wefotosinthesisi, ukuba nje ineklorofili (Oko kukuthi, iluhlaza, njengaleyo yamayeza). Ukongeza, iyanceda nokuyigcina iphila, kuba, umzekelo, imithi ineelentiki kwimboko yazo, ezizinto ezincinanana ezinokuphefumla nokubila, into eza iluncedo ingakumbi xa iphelelwe ngamagqabi.

Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, enkosi kwisiqu banokufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Zonke izityalo zifuna ukukhanya ukuze zikhule, ke enye enesiqu iya kuba nexesha elilula lokufumana yonke into eyifunayo. Ingakumbi abakhweli kunye imithi ekhula ngokukhawuleza Ngabo banokuba nexesha elide lokuphila ukuba bahlala ehlathini okanye ehlathini, kuba ngexesha elifutshane badlula abo bakhuphisana nabo ngobude, bekhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza izithuba ezivulekileyo njengoko ezinye izityalo zifikelela esiphelweni sobomi bazo.

Ilifa

Siya kwiingcambu. Inkqubo yengcambu yezityalo ingummangaliso wendalo. Nje ukuba imbewu ihlume, into yokuqala eyenzayo kukuvela ingcambu. Kwaye ke, ukusukela emncinci kangaka, kubalulekile ukufumana amanzi, kunye nokufumana amandla ukuze ukwazi ukoyisa imiceli mngeni ngokuqinisekileyo eya kuvela, njengokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane ezinje nge mealybugs okanye thrips.

Sikwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcambu. Inyaniso, inokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyongokobume bayo, icala apho ikhula khona kwaye ixhomekeke kwinkxaso enikwa izityalo:

• Ngokwemo yayo:
  • I-Axonomorphic: yingcambu eshinyeneyo ephuma kwezinye, ezingcakacileyo.
  • Fasciculated: ziingcambu ezizalwe kwindawo enye, kwaye zonke ziyafana okanye ngokufanayo ziyafana.
  • I-Napiform: eyona ngcambu ingqindilili, kuba ikwasebenza ukugcina izinto eziya kuyivumela ukuba iphile ngamaxesha anqabileyo.
  • Amasebe: unokwahlula into efana nengcambu ephambili kunye nezinye eziziisekondari ezincinci.
  • I-Tuberous: iyafana ne-fasciculate, kodwa iyanda kubukhulu xa igcina izinto ezigciniweyo.
• Ngokwesikhokelo:
  • Amanzi: yile ikhula kwimeko zasemanzini, ezinje ngamachibi okanye imigxobhozo umzekelo.
  • I-Adventicia: yenye ikhula emhlabeni. Olunye ulwazi.
  • I-eriyeli: ezi ngcambu zihlala zihluma esiqwini kwaye zikhula ziye emhlabeni okanye kwicala lesityalo.
  • Ukugcina: zezo, njengoko igama labo libonisa, zigcina izinto ezinokubanceda baphile. Ngenxa yokuba zikhula phantsi komhlaba, zinokungabonakali.
  • Ukuncancisa okanye ukurhwaphiliza: olu luhlobo lweengcambu olukhupha izakha-mzimba kwisityalo ngokwaso, singene ngesiqu okanye ngenxeba.
• Ngokwenkxaso:
  • Ikhontrakthi: yingcambu enomsebenzi wayo kukuzisa ihlumelo kumphezulu womhlaba ukuze ukhule.
  • I-Epiphyte: yingcambu yomoya evumela ukuba isityalo sikhule ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umphathi waso.
  • IFulcrea: ingcambu ye-fulcrea, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-zancuda, yenye ekhula kwiindawo ezisezantsi zesitshixo ukuxhasa isityalo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Zeziphi iintlobo zeengcambu ezinazo izityalo?

Nguwuphi owona msebenzi uphambili wezityalo?

Ngokombono womntu, kunjalo owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo bawenzayo kukuvelisa ukutya kwabo kwifotosinthesisi. Ngoba? Kuba ngenxa yale nkqubo, bakhupha ioksijini. Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, ngokubamba amandla elanga kunye nokufunxa ikharbon diokside kunye namanzi, banokufumana iswekile. Ngaphandle kokuhamba kwisiza.

Ioksijini abayikhuphelayo isetyenziswa sithi ukuphefumla; Oko kukuthi, ukubakho. Kodwa ... ungothuka yilento ndiza kukuxelela yona ngoku: izityalo ziyaphefumla, neoksijini. Kwaye bayenza imini yonke nobusuku bonke. Bayayenza nge-stomata, iilentic kunye neenwele zengcambu (ukusuka ezingcanjini), ukufunxa i-O2 kunye nokusebenzisa ii-carbohydrate abanazo koovimba babo, ukuze kamva bakhuphe i-carbon dioxide.

Kodwa xa uphefumla okwenzekayo kukuba balahlekelwe ngamanzi, oko kukuthi, babile. La manzi akhutshwa ngohlobo lomphunga. Xa isixa esilahlekileyo sikhulu kuneso sifunxwa ziingcambu, istomata sisondele ukuzama ukugcina isityalo sifumana amanzi. Ngoku, ukuba zigcinwe zivaliwe ixesha elide, ubomi bazo bunokuphela.

Zeziphi izibonelelo izityalo ezisinika zona abantu?

Abantu bafunde ukusebenzisa izityalo ezininzi ukufumana ezinye izibonelelo, njengokufumana ukutya, iinkuni, imicu okanye amayeza. Kwaye loo nto ayithethi ukuba bayayihombisa igadi zethu, iipatio kunye neethala, zikhanyisela imini yethu.

Kodwa zikho ezinye izibonelelo ekufuneka zaziwa, kwaye zibaluleke ngokufana nezo sele sizikhankanyile:

• Velisa ioksijini. Ngaphandle kwale gesi, ngekhe kubekho bomi, okanye ubuncinci hayi njengoko sazi.
• Zifunxa ikharbhon diokside. Okanye ubeke enye indlela: zisinceda ukuba silwe notshintsho lwemozulu.
• Thintela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. Iingcambu zikhula ziye ezantsi, zilungisa umhlaba kwaye zithintele ukuba zingabethwa ngumoya.
• Abanye balungisa initrogen. Ngaba iimbotyi. I-nitrojeni sesona sondlo sibalulekileyo kwizityalo njengoko zisetyenziswa ekukhuleni kwazo.
• Benza ii-microclimates, Ukuvumela ezinye izidalwa ukuba zibekho kwiindawo apho bezinokuba neengxaki khona. Umzekelo, ngubani ongakhange akhululeke ukuba eme phantsi komthi omkhulu onomthunzi ngexesha lehlobo elishushu kakhulu? Ukongeza, kwigadi yakho unokuba neengcingo zomoya, ngenxa apho ukukhula kwezityalo eziethe-ethe kungayi kuba nzima kangako. Olunye ulwazi.

Ucinga ntoni ngezityalo? Unaye umntu?