Kunamagatsha amaningi esayensi akhona namuhla. Enye yezokwelapha ezindala futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu yi-botany. Abantu abaningi badume ngokutholwa okusha okuhlobene nezitshalo. Omunye wabo kwakunguCarlos Linnaeus, isazi semvelo saseSweden okwathi uyaziwa namuhla njengobaba wezitshalo zanamuhla.
Kunophenyo oluningi olwenziwe nguCarlos Linneo, kodwa umnikelo ovelele kunayo yonke lo wemvelo uhlelo lwakhe lokuhlukanisa izitshalo. Yisiqongo sesibongo esibonisa okubili uhlobo nohlobo. ULinnaeus washicilela lolu hlelo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-265 edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakusiza kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni izilwane futhi, yize kungenye indlela ehlukile kunaleyo yohlelo ayeyisebenzisela izimbali. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngalo muntu omkhulu nocwaningo lwakhe, funda phambili.
Wayengubani uLinnaeus futhi wenzani?
Ngo-1707 ubaba wesimanje wesayensi yezitshalo wazalelwa eRashult, eSweden. UCarl Von Linné, owaziwa ngeSpanishi njengoCarlos Linneo, wayeyindodana yomfundisi wamaLuthela futhi wagcina ebhalise e-University of Lund, etholakala eScania. Lapho waqala izifundo zakhe zobudokotela. Wafundiswa ngudokotela odumile wangaleso sikhathi ogama lakhe linguKilian Stobaeus. Ngesikhathi ehlala eLund, uLinnaeus uthathe ithuba lokuziqeqesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngokufunda izincwadi namakhabethe kumtapo wezincwadi waseSobaeus.
Ngemuva konyaka wonke esebenza, uCarlos Linneo washintsha eyunivesithi waya e-Uppsala, lapho ayezoqhubeka khona nezifundo zakhe zobudokotela. Ngangivame ukuvakashela ingadi yezitshalo yaseyunivesithi futhi wagcina ukuhlangana nezinye izazi zemvelo ezifana no-Olaus Celsius, Olof Rudbeck, noPeter Artedi.
UCarlos Linneo waqala ukuhamba lonke elaseYurophu, efunda ngezilwane nezimbali zamazwe ahlukahlukene futhi enza ucwaningo. Ngenxa yalokhu, abaseSweden bahlangana nososayensi abaningi ababalulekile bangaleso sikhathi. Laba oxhumana nabo abasha babonakale bebalulekile ukuze bakwazi ukuhlanganisa njengengcweti yemvelo.
Ngemuva kokuhamba ibanga elide, uLinnaeus waba nguprofesa wezitshalo e-University of Uppsala. Lapho wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ukuklama uhlelo lokuhlukanisa imibuso emithathu yemvelo. Wabeka imithetho yendlela yakhe encwadini yakhe ethi "Philosophia botánica" ngo-1751. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva washicilela incwadi entsha eyayizophetha ngomsebenzi wakhe: i- "Species plantarum".
Wazalwa nini uLinnaeus futhi washona nini?
UCarlos Linneo, isazi semvelo sezitshalo esidumile Wazalwa ngoMeyi 23, 1707 edolobheni elibizwa ngeRashult, eSweden. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo olunzulu kanye nocwaningo ngezimila nezilwane zamazwe ahlukene aseYurophu, iLinnaeus yaba uphawu lwezitshalo. Ngokushicilelwa kwemibhalo eminingana yezincwadi kanye nohlelo lwakhe lokuhlukanisa izinto ezintsha, waba ngomunye wososayensi abadume kakhulu besikhathi sakhe. NgoJanuwari 10, 1778, lowo owaziwa ngokuthi ungubaba wezitshalo zanamuhla washona e-Uppsala, eSweden.
Iyini inkolelo kaLinnaeus?
Ngokuyisisekelo, Umbono kaLinnaeus uyisiphakamiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane nezitshalo. Umsebenzi wokuqala owanikezelwa kulokhu washicilelwa ngo-1735 futhi ubizwa nge- "Systema naturae". Kuyo, wethule isiphakamiso esisha ezingeni lentela ukuze sikwazi ukuhlukanisa kahle imibuso yezilwane, yezitshalo neyezimayini.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, ngo-1751, uCarlos Linnaeus washicilela enye incwadi esihloko sithi "Philosophia botanica", eyayizogcina ingumsebenzi wakhe onethonya elikhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi wathi uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemvelo lungadalwa ngesisekelo sendalo yaphezulu, engaguquki neyangempela yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Yini enye, kukhombisile ukuthi izitshalo zizalisana ngokocansi futhi zaqamba izingxenye ezihilelekile zembali. Ngalokhu kutholakala, uCarlos Linnaeus ukwazile ukudala uhlelo lwentela esebenzisa izingxenye zocansi zezitshalo. Ngalokhu wasebenzisa istamen ukuthola ikilasi ne-pistil ye-oda.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zimpumelelo, uCarlos Linneo wasungula indlela asebenzisa ngayo igama lakhe lesibizo ukubiza izitshalo ezithile. Ukuze ukufezekise, ukhethe igama lohlobo lohlobo nelinye igama lohlobo. Igalelo lakhe ekuqokweni kwamagama ezilwane nalo lalibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo luhlukile kolwezitshalo, ngoba ezilwaneni lwasebenzisa izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokwakheka kwangaphakathi.
Uhlelo lweLinnaean luyasetshenziswa njengamanje. Kodwa-ke, izidalwa eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngemigomo yazo yofuzo, ngoba ziyizici zokulawula zokuvezwa kwezici zokwakheka komzimba.
"Izinhlobo zezitshalo" nguCarlos Linneo
NgoMeyi 24, 1753, uCarlos Linnaeus washicilela umqulu wokuqala we "Species plantarum". Le ncwadi ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo ezaziwa ngumlobi ofanayo, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi wayengomunye wezazi zezitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe uzoshicilela ezinye izinhlelo ezimbili ezizoqukatha imininingwane ehambisanayo nokulungiswa kwezinguqulo zangaphambilini.
Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza lo msebenzi ugqame uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa olusetshenziswa nguCarlos Linneo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhlonza izitshalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuzimisela kwesifanekiso kuhambisane nehlelo ebelisuselwa esiqeshini sesibongo. Okungukuthi: Amagama amabili ayebhekise kuzo zombili izinhlobo nohlobo lwesitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kukaLinnaeus lusungula amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlobene noma izigaba zentela, liphinde lahlanganisa izitshalo ngezigaba, ama-oda, uhlobo nezinhlobo zezinhlobo.
Ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwe- "Species plantarum", uCarlos Linnaeus wayehambe ibanga elide njengengcweti yemvelo. Ngokuhamba okuhlukahlukene empilweni yakhe yonke wahlangana nezazi zemvelo eziningi ezibalulekile zaleso sikhathi. ULinnaeus wagcina esengungoti wezitshalo ezikhungweni ezahlukene zesayensi zaseYurophu. Ngale ndlela wazakhela igama njengososayensi ohleliwe kulokho okwakuyi-Europe ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
UCarlos Linneo kanye nomthelela wakhe emhlabeni wezitshalo
Ukugxekwa okutholwe uCarlos Linneo ngencwadi yakhe ethi "Species plantarum" bekukuhle impela. Izazi zezitshalo ezinkulu zangaleso sikhathi, njengeNgisi u-William Watson, bawuncoma umsebenzi wakhe. Ngokusho kukaWatson, umsebenzi owenziwe nguLinnaeus uzokwamukelwa njengobuciko besazi semvelo esiphelele kunabo bonke, okungenani izazi zezitshalo ezazifunde uhlelo oluphakanyiswe abaseSweden.
Mayelana nokuqokwa kwamagama nokuhlukaniswa, UCarlos Linnaeus wayengumuntu wokuqala wemvelo ukusebenzisa ngamabomu igama lesibizo Kokubili kwezitshalo nezilwane. Nguye owasungula ukusetshenziswa kwamagama esiLatini nesiLatin asemthethweni emhlabeni jikelele ngezinhlobo ezingenakubalwa zezitshalo nezilwane. Ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wakhe, wanezela imifanekiso nezincazelo.
ULinnaeus wazihlukanisa kanjani izinto eziphilayo?
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo ekuqaleni kwakususelwa kunombolo enkulu yezinhlamvu ezihambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, indlela kaLinnaeus ibisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlamvu ezimbalwa ezingezona ezangempela zokwakha amaqembu ahlukene. Ukwenza lolu hlelo lokuhlukanisa, UCarlos Linneo ubesuselwa kwinani eliphelele lezitho zobulili izimbali ezinazo, okungukuthi, stamens kanye pistils. Ngo-1735 washicilela incwadi ethi "Systema Naturae", lapho ethula khona lolu hlelo olusha lokuhlukanisa ngokocansi.
Isazi semvelo saseSweden sihlukanise izitshalo ngama-angiosperms, ama-phanerogams noma ngezimbali ezifundeni ezingama-23 sezizonke, kucatshangelwa izitho zazo zesilisa, ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-stamens. ULinnaeus wabona zombili izinombolo zabo nokuphakama futhi wanaka ukuthi ngabe bakhululekile noma bangamasosha. Ngakho-ke, lapho lesi sitshalo sinesibindi esisodwa kuphela kwakuyiMonandria, kanti ezimbili kwakunguDiandria, njll. Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo ngaphandle kwezimbali ezibonakalayo, zazingezesigaba 24, ama-cryptogams. Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezinezitho zabesifazane, ezibizwa ngama-pistils, lapho zazinodwa kuphela zaziyiMonogynia, uma zazineDigynia emibili, njll. Ngokulandelayo, ama-oda ahlukaniswa aba yisizukulwane, lawa aba yizinhlobo.
Mayelana negama elithile, lokhu kusetshenziselwe ukukhomba nokuhlukanisa isitshalo ngasinye. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, leli hlelo lalisho umehluko ophrintiwe phakathi kwalowo nalowo kubo. Ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe utholakale kochwepheshe nezazi, uCarlos Linnaeus wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngesiLatini esinobuchwepheshe obusuka e-Europe ngezikhathi zasendulo nezama-Renaissance. Isiphakamiso esiphindwe kabili esenziwa nguLinnaeus ngaleso sikhathi siyisisekelo sesibizo samanje sezilwane nezamabhodlela.
Ngenxa yocwaningo nomsebenzi obaluleke njengokaCarlos Linneo njengamanje sinolwazi oluningi ngomhlaba. Noma kunjalo, kuningi okusazotholakala futhi kuthuthukiswe. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esibhekene nayo ivumela iSayensi ukuthi ithuthuke kakhulu nsuku zonke. Yize kusenemibono nemibono eminingi okusamele kuqinisekiswe, umuntu usondela kancane kancane ezimfihlakalweni ezigcinwa ngumkhathi.
Ngiyethemba le ndatshana ibe usizo futhi yafundisa wena. Kubalulekile ukwazi ngokutholwa okukhulu osekuvele kwenziwe, ukuze ulandele ezinyathelweni zabantu abanjengoCarlos Linneo. Mhlawumbe, ngolunye usuku, singaba yibo ukuthola okuthile okusha ngokuphelele nokungaziwa kuze kube manje.