Izidalwa eziphilayo futhi, kulokhu, izitshalo, zinezindlela ezahlukene zokuzala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinokuzalana ngokocansi okwenziwa ama-gametes futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual. I ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual ezitshalweni ijwayeleke kakhulu futhi yaziwa nangegama lokuzalana kwezitshalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokuzala kwe-asexual ezitshalweni nezici zayo.
Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezitshalweni
Ukukhiqizwa okungasexual noma okungasexual okwenzeka kwezinye izilwane, izitshalo, nezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi kuhilela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli noma izingxenye zomzimba zomuntu ezithuthukile futhi, ngenqubo ye-mitosis, iyakwazi ukukhiqiza enye into ephilayo efana nofuzo. Lolu hlobo lokuzala lungenzeka ngomzali oyedwa kuphela futhi aludingi ukubandakanyeka kwamaseli ocansi noma ama-gamete kule nqubo.
Lolu hlobo lokuzala luwukuphela kwendlela yokuzalanisa ezintweni ezilula njengamabhaktheriya. Phakathi kwazo kunenqubo yokuhlukanisa noma ukuhlukaniswa okubili lapho ingqamuzana likamama lihlukana libe amangqamuzana amabili noma ngaphezulu. Kumvubelo unicellular kanye nesikhunta, le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-budding, kubangela ukwakheka kwehlumela elincane elikhula ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo yasekuqaleni lize ligqabhuke. Kwezinye izilwane zakudala zamangqamuzana amaningi, njengezipontshi noma ama-tunicates, ukuhlukana kwakubuye kwenziwe ngama-buds.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli noma i-mitosis eyenzeka ezilwaneni eziphakeme kufana kakhulu nenqubo yokuqhekeka, kodwa akubhekwa njengendlela yokukhiqiza ucansi. Ezitshalweni izindlela ezimbili zokuzala zingabonwa, ezocansi kanye ne-asexual. Ezitshalweni eziphakeme, ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kwenziwa ngembewu, kuyilapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kunezinqubo ezihlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo zokuzalana kwe-asexual ezitshalweni
Ezitshalweni, lolu hlobo lokuzala lungenzeka ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zokuzala noma izindlela. Ngakho-ke iyiphi indlela yokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kuleli cala? Lezi yizinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalana kwe-asexual ezitshalweni:
- Izitebele: Iziqu ezincanyana ezakha phezu komhlabathi, lezi ziqu zakha izimpande ezihlukene, bese zikhiqiza abantu abasha.
- Ama-Rhizomes: Lezi yiziqu ezikhula ngokungapheli ezikhula ngaphansi komhlaba noma ngaphezulu komhlabathi futhi zikhiqize izimpande ezifikayo lapho kuzomila khona izitshalo ezintsha.
- Ukusika: Ziyizingxenye noma izingxenye zesiqu lapho kukhiqizwa khona abantu abasha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukusikwa kufanele kungcwatshwe emhlabathini futhi kungelashwa ngamahomoni.
- I-Graft: Kubandakanya ukufaka imiqumbe emifantwini esiqwini sesitshalo esinezimpande. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezihlahleni zezithelo.
- Ukuhlukumeza: Ziyimiqumbe emincane ekwazi ukusabalala isuka esiqwini. Kuyinto evamile kuma-bryophytes nama-ferns.
- I-Parthenogenesis: Abantu bayakwazi ukukhiqiza imbewu ngaphandle kokuvundisa i-ovule.
- Okusafufusa: Kuwukuhlukana okungalingani lapho kwakheka khona imiqumbe, izigaxa noma amaqhubu esitshalweni esingumzali. Lezi, njengoba zikhula futhi zikhula, zingahlukana nesitshalo esikhulu futhi zibe abantu abasha, kodwa zilingane naso.
- Basakaze: Ngokuthola izitshalo ezifanayo ngofuzo, kungadalwa izitshalo ezintsha ezivumelana nezindawo ezithile, indlela esheshayo nephumelelayo. Ngalesi sizathu, lolu hlobo lokusakazeka lulungele izindawo ezingafanele kakhulu ukusakazeka kwembewu.
- Amaqabunga nezimpande: Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, amaqabunga angazalana ngokwemvelo. Kulesi simo, izitshalo zinamathela emaqabunga kuze kube yilapho sezithuthukiswe ngokwanele futhi zingahlukaniswa. Zibe seziwela phansi, lapho zimila khona. Lokhu kwenzeka nasezingcezuni zezimpande.
- Ukuhlukumeza: Isidalwa esiphilayo sakha izinhlamvu, ezincane futhi ezihlakazeka kalula, futhi lapho zithola izimo ezivumayo, zikhiqiza abantu abasha. I-Sporulation ijwayelekile kuma-ferns nama-bryophytes.
Izibonelo zezitshalo ezinokuzalana okungasexual
Njengoba sike sasho ngaphambili, kunezitshalo ezimilayo nezikhiqizayo, kuye ngohlobo lokuzala ezizisebenzisayo. Ezinye izitshalo ezizalana ngendlela engavamile yilezi:
- I-Kalanchoe: Zingama-succulents, ngokuvamile asakazwa ezithonjeni noma amaqabunga asele. Eqinisweni, kulula ukuzikhiqiza kabusha. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sikubonisa +40 ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo zeKalanchoe neKalanchoe.
- Ama-tulips: Zivame ukuzalana ngokwazo ngama-bulb, okuyiziqu eziyinyama okumila kuzo izitshalo ezintsha ngaphansi komhlaba. Ungafunda ngama-bulb ayi-15 kwesinye isihloko, nokuthi ungawanakekela kanjani ama-tulips ezimbizeni kwesinye isihloko.
- Amazinyo ebhubesi: Ivamise ukuzalana ngocansi noma ngezinhlamvu.
- ICypress: Zivamise ukukhiqiza kabusha ngendlela engavamile (akuvamile) ngokuzalana kwe-asexual wesilisa, lapho zikhiqiza khona uhlamvu lwempova lwe-diploid olwakha umbungu lapho ufika kowesifazane njengenye i-cypress.
- I-Dahlia: iyisitshalo esingapheli esiseduze ne-sunflower, esisakazwa ngama-tubers
- I-Brachiaria: Isitshalo esivamile ezindaweni ezishisayo, sikhiqiza nge-apomixis.
- ukwethuka: Isitshalo somndeni wakwaBrachiaria nasezifundeni ezishisayo. Ikhiqiza kabusha i-asexually nge-apomixis.
- UCenchrus: isitshalo sesimo sezulu esipholile nesishisayo esikhiqiza nge-apomixis.
- Ulwelwe oluhlaza: Kuyiqembu elikhulu lolwelwe oluzala ngezinhlamvu, lukhiqize abantu abafanayo. Funda kabanzi mayelana nabo kwesinye isihloko mayelana ne-green algae, izici, izinhlobo nezibonelo.
- Umoba: Kuyisitshalo esithandwa kakhulu ngoba sithola ushukela kuso. Ngokuvamile iphindaphinda ngokutshala izingcezu zabantu bangaphambilini. Ngokuqondile, ukukhululeka kwayo kokusabalalisa kuvumela ukuxhashazwa kwayo kwezentengiso.
- U-anyanini: Ingesinye sezitshalo ezithandwa kakhulu kwezohwebo nezidliwayo futhi silinywa emhlabeni wonke. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi u-anyanisi azala kalula ngemfucumfucu yezimpande.
- I-Malamadre noma i-Ribbon Plant: Isitshalo esikhule ekhaya esikhiqiza abantu abasha ezimpandeni nasemagatsheni. Kubhekwa njengesitshalo esihlaselayo nesingapheli. Lapha sizokutshela indlela yokunakekela imboni ye-tape.
- I-Gladioli: I-genus equkethe inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezithuthukisa ukuziphatha okuhlukile kuye ngezitshalo ezichayeka kuzo. Bangakwazi ukuzala ngokuhluma.
Njengoba ubona, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezitshalweni kungathakazelisa kakhulu uma kuziwa ekukwazini ukukhiqiza kabusha inani elikhulu labantu ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno kwezolimo. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuzala kwe-asexual ezitshalweni nezici zayo.