Ga mutane da kimiyya yana da mahimmanci a sani Ta yaya tsire-tsire suke hayayyafa. Kuma mun san nau'ikan haihuwa dangane da nau'in shukar da muke karantawa, asalin ta da halayen ta. Ba duk tsire-tsire suke da nau'in haifuwa na musamman ba, amma juyin halitta ya raba wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin fadadawa da rayuwa.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don koya muku yadda tsire-tsire ke haifuwa kuma menene mahimmancinsa.
Yadda tsire-tsire ke hayayyafa tare da manyan hanyoyin su
Mun san cewa tsire-tsire suna haifuwa galibi ta hanyoyi biyu: sha'awa da jima'i. Gabobin haihuwa suna da hannu cikin haifuwa ta jima'i wanda ake samu a cikin furanni. Wasu nau'ikan tsire-tsire suna buƙatar wasu wakilai na waje don sake haifuwa. Ta hanyar gudanar da zaben fidda gwani suna gudanar da hada hatsi da kuma sakamakon 'ya'yan itacen da ke dauke da irinsu zai sake haifar da sabon mutum. Ta wannan hanyar, suna sarrafawa don faɗaɗa yankin rarraba su a cikin ƙasar gabaɗaya kuma faɗaɗa ta yanayi.
A yanayi na biyu, muna da maimaita haihuwa. Abin da ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire ne suna samun ci gaban su ne ta hanyan hanyoyin su ba tare da bukatar tsarin aikin zabe ba. Uwa daya ce tak ke cikin wannan aikin. Yana faruwa galibi a cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda nau'in unisexual yake. Anan gabobin haihuwa basa nan, amma sassan haihuwar sun bunkasa sosai.
Nau'o'in hayayyafa
Zamu yi nazarin yadda tsirrai ke hayayyafa daki-daki a cikin manyan hanyoyin da muka ambata a sama.
Haihuwar jima'i
Samun jima'i na tsire-tsire yana faruwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da gametes na namiji da mace na fure. Ya yi daidai da abin da ke faruwa da haihuwar ɗan adam. Hayayyakin mutum ya kunshi hadewar gametes na mata da maza don samar da sabuwar kwayar halitta. A ƙarshe, kwayar halitta ta gaji kwayoyin halittar iyayensu biyu. Lokacin da muke magana game da sassan haihuwa na shuka muna nufin furanni.
Stamens sune ɓangaren haifuwa na tsire-tsire na namiji yayin da pistil shine ɓangaren haifuwa na mace. Furen da ya ƙunshi pistil ko stamens ne kawai waɗanda aka san su da sunan unisexuals. Hakanan akwai wadanda suke da gabobi biyu kuma suna yin luwaxi. Fure mata da miji mata na iya bayyana akan tsiro iri ɗaya ko kan tsire-tsire daban-daban. Sauran sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin pollen waɗanda ke haifar da gametes na maza. Pistil din yana dauke ne da kyama, salo, da kwai. Kwai yana dauke da qwai daya ko fiye. Macetes na mace ko ƙwai suna yin ƙwai. A cikin haihuwar jima'i, gametes na maza da mata suna haduwa don samar da zaygote.
Samun haihuwa
Don koyon yadda tsire-tsire ke haifuwa dole ne mu san sauran nau'in haifuwa. Haihuwar mace da namiji shine yake faruwa ba tare da buƙatar gabobin jima'i na tsire su tsoma baki ba. Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, babu wani aikin gurɓatawa a cikin wannan nau'in haifuwa. Dalilin haka kuwa shine saboda ikon wasu nau'in halitta na iya sake yin halitta daga nama da suke da shi. Misali, akwai shuke-shuke da zasu iya girma da haifar da sabon mutum daga tushe ko kwayar halitta.
Akwai 'yan nau'ikan nau'ikan haifuwa na zamani. Sun samo asali ne daga yankin shukar da ake amfani dashi don samuwar sabon mutum. Misali, game da tubers, wannan nau'in haifuwa ana samun sa ne daga tushe wanda ke cike da abubuwan gina jiki wanda zai basu damar kirkirar sabon shuka da kansu. Wannan haifuwa ta yiwu godiya ga gaskiyar cewa waɗannan tubers na iya samar da sabbin tushe.
Sake haifuwa ta hanyar rhizomes shima nau'ine ne na samun haihuwa. Tushen tushe ne waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa amma suna da ƙwarewar girma a layi ɗaya da ƙasa. Daga tushe na waɗannan tushe, ana samar da toho daga abin da za'a iya ƙirƙirar sabon shuka. Bayan an kafa tushen, tsarin ƙirƙirar tushe mai tushe ya fara.
A cikin masarautar shuka, yawancin nau'ikan jinsin zasu iya haifar da juzu'i kawai kuma zasu iya haifar da jima'i ko jima'i a lokaci guda. Strawberry misali ne bayyananne na shuka wanda za'a iya amfani dashi ta hanyoyi biyu a lokaci guda. Game da tsarin asexual, suna yin hakan ne ta hanyar kananan kaya. Idan ana maganar tubers, dankalin turawa misali ne na misali domin yana yin aiki mai kyau a wannan yankin kuma yana kara yawan amfanin gona. Sauran tushen kayan lambu sune dawa, dankali mai zaki ko ginger. Shuke-shuke da ke hayayyafa da kwararan fitila su ne waɗanda fruitsa fruitsan itacen su suke kama da ganye, kamar su albasa. Ga shuke-shuke waɗanda suke hayayyafa tare da rhizomes, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan irin su oregano.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani na haifuwa mara amfani
Babban fa'idar haifuwar mace da namiji shine sauki, saboda da gaske babu buƙatar aikin tallafi. Menene ƙari, yawan kuzarin wannan nau'in ya yi kasa sosai fiye da lokacin da zasu aiwatar da dukkan aikin daga zuriya. Haka kuma yana yiwuwa ga wani nau'in ya sami adadi mai yawa na samari daga uwa a cikin sabon sarari. Game da rayuwar tsire-tsire, wannan fa'idar tana wakiltar yiwuwar ƙara ƙasar noma, don haka ƙara yawan abinci.
Babban rashin dacewar wannan hanyar shine ba shi yiwuwa a samar da maye gurbi a cikin zuriya. Wannan yana nufin cewa dukkan yara zasu kusan zama daidai da iyayensu kuma zasu ci gaba da yin hakan akan lokaci. Yanayi guda yana sanya su cikin haɗari ga yanayi mara kyau, kamar yanayin yanayi, saboda da wuya su haifar da juriya. A cikin sararin samaniya inda ba kwa son yin wani nau'in, haifuwar mace da namiji zai ci gaba da faruwa kai tsaye. Misali, wannan yana faruwa yayin da weeds a cikin lawn ko lambun ku suke girma da girma koyaushe.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da yadda tsire-tsire ke haifuwa da kuma yadda siffofinsu suke.