Asali, juyin halitta da kulawa da cacti

Kuna son cacti? To bari na baku labarinsa asalin sa. Sau dayawa muna wucewa a gaban ƙaunatattun ƙayayyun ƙaunatattunmu, kuma hakan ya same mu cewa sun sha bamban da sauran halittun shuke-shuke: ba su da ganye ko rassa, kuma tushensu ya ragu sosai idan muka kwatanta shi da, misali, na furanni mai rai kamar dimorfoteca.

A cikin wannan na musamman zaku gano abin da ke sa yawancin mu da gaske muke jin tsananin sha'awar samun su a cikin gidan mu, da kuma wane irin kulawa suke buƙata ya zama mai kyan gani koyaushe kuma cewa zasu iya, ta haka, zasu baku kyawawan furannin su.

Tushen

A cikin dangin Cactaceae mun sami jimlar nau'ikan 73 na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tare da ko ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ba, waɗanda suka dace da zama a yankunan da ke nesa da asalin su. Kodayake muna iya tunanin cewa sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, tunda akwai cacti da yawa na kasuwanci waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyar jinsuna a can, gaskiyar ita ce za ku iya mamaki. A gaskiya, duk cacti da muka sani a yau suna da asali guda ɗaya wanda yake Amurka mai zafi. Ee Ee. An yi imanin cewa sun mallaki Tsohon Duniya saboda godiya ga tsuntsayen ƙaura, waɗanda suka ci 'ya'yanta masu daɗi, kuma suka sa ƙwayayen cikin cikinsu har ... da kyau, har sai sun ji kamar sun sauƙaƙa kansu. Don haka, al'ummomi masu zuwa suna da tafiya kyauta, kuma sama da aminci, tun da, ana ƙanshin dindindin, yayin tafiya ba a rasa damar yin hakan ba.

Wata sifa da duk waɗannan kyawawan tsire-tsire suke da ita, ba tare da la'akari da inda suke ba, ita ce areola, wanda ba komai bane face tsari wanda ƙaya, masu shayarwa, kuma galibi kuma fure ke tashi.

Juyin Halitta

Juyin halittar cacti ya fara, kamar yadda muka fada a baya, a Kudancin Amurka, kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata, a zamanin Paleozoic. A wancan lokacin, nahiyar Amurka ta kasance dunkulalliya ga duk wanda ya zama duniyarmu ta yau. Yanayin ya kasance na wurare masu zafi, wani abu wanda ya fifita girma da ci gaban shuke-shuke da ganye. Amma, a wani lokaci, ya ƙara bushewa. Daga waɗannan canje-canjen, da ɗan shuke-shuke masu ban sha'awa suna bayyana, sosai kama da Pereskia (A cikin hoton, zasu zama na biyu daga hagu). Wannan tsohuwar dabi'a ce wacce ta wanzu har zuwa yau kuma tana kiyaye kusan dukkanin halayen cacti na farko wanda ya fara rayuwa a duniya, ma'ana, yana da ganye, wanda ke sanya hotuna kamar kowane irin "al'ada", kuma tabbas yana da areolas wanda wasu ƙananan ƙaya ke fitowa daga gare su; ban da wasu kyawawan furanni, duba:

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki wanda tabbas zai baka mamaki shine babu cacti mai yawan gaske a nahiyar Afirka. Haka ne, za mu sami tsire-tsire masu daɗi waɗanda suka samo asali a yankunan da ke kusa da hamada, amma babu ɗayan cacti. Wannan saboda cacti ya samo asali ne a cikin Amurka lokacin da aka raba nahiyoyin duniya ta hanyar turɓaya, kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata.

Amfani da cacti

Bakandamiya da ɗan adam tun bayyanar wannan, sun kasance kusa sosai. Mutum na amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da:

• Tana cin fruitsa thean ofa ofan nau'ikan, ciki har da na Kwayar cutar leukotricha, Opuntia ficus indica (pear mai kwalliya, ɗayan can cacti da suka zama ƙasashe a Spain, musamman a yankin Bahar Rum) ko na Hylocereus ba shi da tushe (wanda aka fi sani da pitahaya).
• Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka, musamman na Amurka, amfani da tsaba del giant carnegiea (wanda aka fi sani da Saguaro ko Giant Cardón) don samar da tanadin garin ta.
• Suna amfani da zaren na Cephalocereus don cika matashi.
• Kamar yadda tsefe Indiyawan Cahita-Yankee suna amfani da ƙaya daga cikin Pachycereus pecten-aborigin.
• Sun kuma zama masu amfani kamar takin gargajiya.
• Sun dace kamar shuke-shuke masu ado, ko dai a cikin lambuna irin na hamada ko kuma a kowane kusurwa na gida.

Shuke-shuke cikin hatsarin halaka

Duk da waɗannan amfani da yawa, na nau'ikan 73 a can, 15 suna cikin mummunan haɗarin halaka bisa ga CITES (Yarjejeniyar kan Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a cikin Hatsarin Tsuntsayen Dabbobin Dawa da Dabba da ke Haɗari), kuma kusan dukkansu suna cikin haɗarin ɓacewa saboda asarar wuraren zama ko kuma saboda mutane sun ɗauki manyan samfuran zuwa wasu wurare, ko dai su yi amfani da cacti a matsayin magani, ko don siyar da su a kasuwa kuma don haka sami kuɗi mai mahimmanci.

Saboda wannan, yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa, idan kuna son mallakar tsire-tsire waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin ƙarewa, Tabbatar kafin ya ratsa cikin sarrafawar CITES, ko menene iri ɗaya: dole ne ku tabbatar da cewa shukar ta fito ne daga zuriyar murtsunguwar ƙwaya wacce ba a sata daga asalinta ba kuma, idan ta samu, ya kasance koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin doka.

Daga cikin waɗanda suke cikin mawuyacin hali muna da:

• Genus na Copiapoa
• Trichocereus pachanoi
• Genus na Lophophora
• Astrophytum asteria

Cacti kulawa

Mun canza batun kadan don mai da hankali yanzu akan kulawa cewa waɗannan kyawawan tsire-tsire suna buƙatar: wurin da ya dace, yawan shayarwa, nau'in substrate, yanayi ... Yayin ɗaukar murtsatsi zuwa gidanmu, dole ne muyi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan don sanin ko zai iya rayuwa a yanayin yanayi wannan ya wanzu a ciki, tunda in ba haka ba zamu kawo ƙarshen ɓarnatar da kuɗi.

Don haka, bari mu fara:

Watse

Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin cewa waɗannan tsire-tsire suna girma a cikin ƙauyukan hamada, masu zafi, kuma sama da duka, sun bushe sosai. Amma daga kwarewata zan iya gaya muku hakan suna son ruwa. A zahiri, inda nake zama idan anyi ruwa ... da gaske ana ruwa, wanda ke nufin cewa tituna nan take suke ambaliyar ... kuma tabbas gonar. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a cikin 2010, an yi ruwan sama kamar da yadda cacti da nake da shi, waɗanda suke kan katako na kusan 40cm sama da ƙasa, a zahiri suna ƙarƙashin ruwa har sai duniya ta shanye shi, aƙalla aƙalla mintuna 5. Ba sai kwanan nan na fahimci dalilin ba. Aya daga cikin dalilan da ke bayyane… kawai ya wuce ni: da damina. Menene damina? Ainihin canjin yanayi zuwa yanayin iska. Ruwan sama, mai yawan gaske, wanda yake kawowa, bisa ga abin da wani dattijo mai sha'awar cacti ya faɗa mani, su ne suka fi gina jiki.

Don haka, sau nawa kuke shayar da su? Zai dogara da yanayin haɓaka, amma koyaushe ina bada shawara bari substrate ya bushe tsakanin waterings. Tare da karamin cacti, dole ne mu sanya su sarrafawa, da ruwa sau da yawa, amma ya fi dacewa mu tsaya a takaice fiye da wuce gona da iri. Sau ɗaya a shekara sun cika ambaliyar ba zai cutar da su ba, amma idan muka ci gaba da kasancewa ƙasa a danshi kowace rana za mu rasa shi.

Clima

Yanayin da yafi dacewa da cacti shine wanda yake kusa da abinda yake cikin mazaunin sa. Abun takaici, a yankuna da yawa zamu iya samun yanayi mara sa sanyi ... amma ya bushe shi, wani abu da zai tilasta mana dole mu shayar dasu.

Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa akwai jinsi da ke tallafawa haske da gajeren sanyi (zuwa -3º Celsius), kamar Echinocactus, Ferocactus ko Trichocereus, kuma hakan duk dole ne su kasance cikin cikakken rana. Idan kana zaune a cikin yanayi mai sanyaya, zaka iya kiyaye su a cikin gida muddin suna da wadataccen hasken halitta.

Nau'in Substrate

Dukanmu mun faɗa cikin jaraba don siyan samfurin da aka shirya don cacti, dama? Kodayake suna iya zama masu amfani a wasu yanayi - galibi masu ɗumi -, a cikin waɗanda suka bushe, wannan cakuda ƙasa yana da halin ƙarami da yawa, wanda cacti ba zai basu damar samun ci gaba mai kyau ba. Wanne za a yi amfani da shi?

A zahiri za ku iya haɗar baƙar fata da perlite a ɓangarori daidai, amma daga nan ina so in ba ku shawara cewa a cikin wannan cakuɗin ku ma ku ƙara yashi kogin 15% da humus 5% na duniya. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku sami: 40% peat na baƙar fata, 40% na kowane ɗan fari, 15% yashi kogi da humus 5% na duniya.

Wucewa

Takin yana da matukar mahimmanci ga dukkan tsirrai, kamar yadda yake wani yanki ne na 'abincin' su (idan zan iya magana), tare da ruwa. Halittu masu tsire-tsire suna buƙatar ciyarwa a kowace rana, tunda abubuwan gina jiki da tushen suka samo daga asalin (kuma, sakamakon haka, kuma daga takin) na iya aiwatar da ayyukansu masu mahimmanci, kamar numfashi. Jarumanmu ba banda bane, don haka dole ne muyi takin su lokaci zuwa lokaci a duk tsawon lokacin noman, wanda ya fara daga bazara kuma ya ƙare a kaka.

A magana gabaɗaya, zamu iya rarrabe takin zamani iri biyu: na asalin sunadarai da na halitta. Kowa zai kiyaye murtsunguwar koshin lafiya, don haka kawai zaka yanke shawara idan kana son hanzarta haɓaka kaɗan, a cikin wannan yanayin takin mai magani a cikin ruwa yana da kyau sosai; Ko akasin haka, idan ba ku cikin gaggawa ko kuma kun fi son amfani da kayan ƙwayoyi, kuna iya amfani da guano ko taki misali, ko ma takin gargajiya.

Annoba da cututtuka

Cacti, kamar kowane shuke-shuke, suma kwari da cututtuka na iya shafar su. Aphids, mealybugs, ko jan gizo-gizo sune manyan abokan gaba na ƙaunataccen cacti; amma Hakanan naman kaza Phytophtora na iya yin abin su idan suna fama da ambaliyar ruwa.

Sanin wannan, da yadda rigakafin ya fi magani, zamuyi maganin sau daya duk bayan kwana 15 tare da Man Neem, kuma za mu kiyaye murtsunguwar ruwa da ruwa mai kyau. Game da annoba, za mu yi jigilar tafarnuwa kuma mu tsiro da tsire-tsire; amma idan ya ci gaba sosai, Ina baka shawarar kayi amfani da maganin kashe kwari wanda aikin sa shine Chlorpyrifos.

Kuma ya zuwa yanzu murtsannen mu na musamman. Shin kuna son shi? 🙂