Kamar yadda muka sani, akwai sanyi mai yawa wanda ya shafi amfanin gonar mu, walau a lambuna ko aikin gona. A yau zamuyi magana ne game da annoba mai matukar muhimmanci a cikin bishiyoyi masu fruita fruitan itace. Game da shi babban tsutsa. Dabba ce da ke ƙara yawan jama'arta da haɗarin ta. A cikin yankin Murcia, ciungiyar Valencian, Extremadura da Aragon shine inda yake da mahimmancin gaske.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu fada muku dukkan halaye, da yanayin halittu da kuma hatsarin babban tsutsa.
Babban fasali
Babban tsutsa shine mummunan kwaro wanda yafi shafar bishiyoyin fruita fruitan itace. Yawan su yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Suna la'akari da abin da zai iya zama asalin irin wannan ƙaruwar yawan jama'a. A gefe guda, ci gaba da yawan amfani da magungunan kashe ciyawa da magungunan kwari a tsarin yana rage yawan wadanda ke cin karensu ba babbaka. Wannan yana nufin cewa, tare da karancin masu farautar halitta, da tsutsa na iya yaduwa cikin sauƙi ba tare da samun haɗari ba.
Dole ne mu fahimci cewa sarkar abinci ta dabi'a tana aiki tsakanin masu farauta da masu farauta. Idan ɗan adam ya shiga tsakani a cikin waɗancan hanyoyin a cikin jerin kayan abinci, za a iya karya yanayin mahallin. Yawanci masu farautar sun fi ƙanƙanta a cikin yanayin halittu saboda yawan abin farauta an iyakance kuma tsakanin masu farautar kansu suna fafatawa. Da zarar ganima ta daina samun mai farauta wanda ke rage yawan jama'arsu sun fara girma ba tare da takurawa ba, matukar dai akwai wadatattun kayan aiki don samar da bukatunsu.
A wannan yanayin, muna magana ne game da ɓarnatattun ɓarnatattun ɓarnata da suka samo asali daga magungunan ciyawa da magungunan ƙwari daga cikin mutane. Koyaya, a cikin filayen noman duk albarkatun don samarda buƙatun babban tsutsa suna nan. Tare da zamanantar da tsarin ban ruwa an samo shi ne daga ƙasar da ba ta kusa da itacen ya bushe. Tunda ɓangare na matakan girma na tsutsar ciki tana zaune cikin ƙasa, yaɗuwarta ya fi dacewa.
Tsarin rayuwa na babban tsutsa
Bari mu ga menene tsarin nazarin halittu na wannan kwari na 'ya'yan itace. Manya sun fi zama mafaka a ƙasa har zuwa ƙarshen bazara. Daga wannan matakin ne inda suka fara fitowa kuma yayi daidai da tsirewar bishiyar bishiyar 'ya'yan itace. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa wadannan albarkatun gona suke shafar su. Manya sun fito cikin tsananin yunwa bayan duk lokacin hunturu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan yana faruwa kusan ko lessasa a ƙarshen Fabrairu da farkon Maris. Sun fara cinye duk harbe-harben, buds da petioles da ke kan hanyar su. Bayan kimanin kwana 40 na ciyarwa sai su fara haifuwa. Lokacin kiwo yana kara daga watannin Mayu zuwa Satumba.
Yanayin bazara da na bazara sun fi sauki ga kwari, saboda haka kowace mace za ta iya sa ƙwai tsakanin 350 zuwa 400 a ƙasa kuma ƙasa da mita daga akwatin. Zurfin kasan da yake kwan kwai ya kai kimanin tsakanin santimita 0.5 da 2. A cikin kimanin kwanaki 10 qwai suka kyankyashe a cikin tsutsa kuma su nufi tushen bishiyun. A cikin tushen sun girma zuwa santimita 7-10.
Bighead tsutsa ganewa
Zamu nuna wasu halaye masu girma na jikin babban tsutsa domin samun damar gano shi cikin sauki. Babban mutum na tsutsa babban baƙin ƙwaro ne wanda yawanci tsakanin santimita 2- 2.5. Galibi ana samunsu akan rassan fruita fruitan itace kuma suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin rassan lokacin da ya gano kasancewar ku. Ofaya daga cikin fannoni don gane shi da kyau shi ne, suna tashi sama suna gudu idan suna tsammanin kun gano su.
Ya fi shafar dukkan bishiyun 'ya'yan itace. Hakanan an tabbatar da cewa yana shafar wasu bishiyun fruita fruitan itace kamar su kirji, apple, pear da quince. Babban mutum shine wanda ke zaune a cikin ɓangaren iska na bishiyar kuma yana cin abinci a kan harbi da ƙwayoyin bishiyar da suka fito. Koyaya, mafi mahimmancin lalacewar da tsutsa za ta iya haifarwa ita ce ƙirƙirar taswira a kan tushen tsirrai. Anan ne za'a iya lalata amfanin gona daga farawa. Kuma shine cewa suna da ikon lalata kayan masarufin da lalata duk hanyoyin ruwan itace wanda itace ke ciyarwa dashi.
Tare da shudewar lokaci da kaunar wadannan larvae, bishiyoyi sun karasa sosai suka mutu.
Hanyoyin sarrafa mamayewa
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na gargajiya don kauce wa kwarin wannan tsutsa a cikin albarkatu. Misali, idan muka binciko ban ruwa, idan kasan bishiyar itacen yayan itace mai danshi, mata basa aiwatar da shimfida a kasa. Shawara daya ita ce ana sanya ban ruwa a kusa da akwatin don ƙara radius mai zafi. Zaka iya amfani da filastik wanda zaiyi aiki azaman kariya ta kewaye bishiyar da radius na aƙalla mita ɗaya. Wannan tilastik ya cancanta kuma an binne shi don kada tsutsa ta tsallaka ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Daga baya, muna tattara filastik idan lokacin mamayewa ya wuce. Yana ɗayan mafi inganci amma ƙasa da ayyukan muhalli, tunda yana iya haifar da sharar filastik a ƙasa. Hakanan, danshi kusa da itacen ba zai iya fadada fiye da filastik ba kuma yana iya haifar da yawan wuce gona da iri na ɗumi ga wasu tsire-tsire.
Cire itacen da ya kamu da cuta aiki ne wanda yakamata a yi shi kawai idan ya sami karɓar bishiyar sosai. Yana da dacewa don ci gaba zuwa farkon farawa da ƙonawa mai zuwa. Saboda haka, munyi nasarar kaucewa yaduwar zuwa wasu bishiyun 'ya'yan itace.
Zamu iya yin ikon sarrafa halittu, kodayake har yanzu akwai sauran matakai kuma ana bincikarsa. An samo wasu fungi wadanda zasu iya zama makiya na halitta na tsutsar ciki, kwaro (Melanotus ya bushe), wani hymenopteran (Spathius erythrocephalus), Diptera (Sarcophylla latifron y Billaea subrotundata) da entomopathogenic nematodes (Sreinernematidae da Heterorhabditidae). Duk suna iya yi aiki a matsayin masu farautar babban tsutsa wanda aka gabatar a cikin hanyar sarrafawa a cikin tsarin halittu na iya taimakawa rage mutane.
Ina fatan cewa da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da tsutsa mai girman kai da halayenta.