Tsire-tsire, kamar sauran rayayyun halittu, suna da kyakkyawar ma'anar rayuwa wanda ke kai su ga daidaitawa, gwargwadon iko, ga canje-canjen da suka taso sama da ɗaruruwan shekaru da dubbai. Mutane, a namu ɓangaren, suma suna da buƙatar lakafta abubuwa, saboda wannan yana taimaka mana fahimtar su da kyau. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin tsirrai akwai wasu kalmomi da ke nuni da takamaiman nau'in tsirrai, waɗanda suka daɗe zaune wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci.
Ofayan mahimman mahimmanci shine na endemism, ko kuma zama takamaiman bayani, endemism shuka. Wannan lokacin yana magana ne akan bishiyoyi, shrubs, ... a takaice, na shuke-shuke waɗanda suka sami damar daidaitawa sosai da takamaiman yankin da zasu ci gaba a ciki. Amma a yau su ma sun fi saurin lalacewa.
Menene ma'anar endemism?
An endemism dabba ce ko tsire-tsire waɗanda ke rayuwa musamman a wani yanki na musamman a duniya: misali da dracaena ruwa An endemism na Macaronesia, da phoenix canariensis itaciyar dabino ce irin ta Tsibirin Canary, da sauransu.
Gabaɗaya, ma'anar endemism ya shafi jinsuna, kodayake ana iya amfani da shi don ƙananan ra'ayoyi, jinsi, har ma da iyalai duka. Wannan zai dogara ne da asalin kowace dabba ko tsirrai da ake karantarwa, haka nan kuma idan aka same ta a wasu yankuna na kusa, wani abu da zai iya haifar da wasu canje-canje don samun kyakkyawan dacewa.
Me yasa akwai abubuwan duniya? Menene asalin wadannan?
Don amsa wannan tambayar dole ne mu tafi duniyar ilimin ƙasa. Planet Earth duniya ce mai rai, mai canzawa koyaushe. Menene ƙari, Zamu iya cewa babbar matsala ce, tare da gutsuttsura waɗanda ke yin karo da juna suna yin duwatsu, ko kuma samun wasu suna faɗaɗa tekuna.. Wadannan sassan an san su da sunan farantin tectonic.
Wadannan motsi, kamar yadda nace, suna faruwa a hankali a hankali kan lokaci. Yana da jinkiri sosai cewa rayayyun halittu galibi suna da dubban shekaru don daidaitawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban, sai dai idan a bayyane yake cewa wasu masifu masu ban mamaki suna faruwa wanda ke tilasta rayuwa ta fara daga farawa, kamar yadda ya faru bayan meteorite wanda ya haifar da ƙarewa zuwa 75% na tsirrai da dabbobin, daga cikinsu akwai mafi girman dabbobi masu rarrafe da Duniya ta san su: dinosaur.
Bayan irin wannan taron, yanayin duniya yana canzawa sosai. Yana iya yin dumi ko sanyi, zai iya ma sanya shi danshi ko bushewa a wurare. Y kowane kusurwa, kowane shimfidar wuri, kowane dutse ko tabki, da sauransu, suna kirkirar nasu Biome ko yanayin yanayin halittu, wanda wasu tsire-tsire da dabbobi ke zaune a ciki waɗanda suka dace da waɗannan yanayin, amma ba su da yawa, saboda haka suna da haɗarin zama ƙarewa.
Yana da wuya a san, sabili da haka, asalin abubuwan ƙarancin abubuwa. Amma idan muna so mu samo shi, dole ne muyi nazarin DNA na tsirrai kuma muyi nazarin magabatansu. Hakanan zai taimaka wurin gano burbushin halittu, tunda daga garesu zaku iya koyan abubuwa da yawa game da yanayin da ya wanzu a duniya a lokacin. Wannan aiki ne ga masu ilimin tsirrai da masana kimiyyar tarihi.
Mu, a matsayin masu sha'awar shuke-shuke da aikin lambu, za mu ci gaba da cewa endemism wani jinsi ne wanda ya dade a wuri daya, da kuma cewa ba a samo shi a ko'ina cikin duniyar ba.
Waɗanne nau'ikan abubuwan da ke raye?
Akwai nau'ikan da yawa:
- Abun ciki: sune taxa (ma'ana, nau'in, nau'ikan ra'ayoyi, ko kuma jinsi) waɗanda ake samu daga wasu.
- Abubuwan da ake kira Cryptoendemisms: sune taxa waɗanda basu da suna har yanzu, amma wannan na iya zama candidatesan takara masu kyau waɗanda za a bayyana su da masu haɗari.
- Schizoendemisms: shin waɗancan jinsunan da suke bayyana yayin da yankin ya keɓe, samun haihuwa kuma ta haka ne yake ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan, masu kamanceceniya da juna.
- Abubuwan Paleoendemisms: jinsi ne wanda ke da halaye da dabi'un halitta wadanda ke samarda kebabbun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
- Tallafi: nau'ikan jinsin halittu ne da ke da ɗan bambanci da na iyayensu, kuma tare da dacewa da yanayin yadda zasu iya mallakar manyan yankuna.
Misalan abubuwan shuka a Spain
Zamu iya samun shuke-shuke masu yaduwa a duk sassan duniya, kodayake tsibirai, saboda keɓewarsu, sune wuraren da yawan ɗumbin ɗimbin mutane ke mai da hankali. Misali, Ostiraliya an kiyasta gida ne ga wasu nau'ikan shuke-shuke dubu 34 (dubu ashirin da dubu da dubu goma sha hudu wadanda ba na jijiyoyin jini ba), daga cikinsu akwai Acanthocarpus, da Archontophoenix, da kuma mafi yawan nau'ikan brachychiton (ɗaya ne daga New Guinea, daga cikin 31 akwai).
Kodayake sanin ƙarshen duniya yana da ban sha'awa, yana da mahimmanci a san abin da muke da shi "a gida." Don haka Bari mu ga menene wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da Spanish waɗanda muke da su:
Arenaria nevadensis
Hoto - Kwamitin Andalusian
La Arenaria nevadensis ita ce ciyawar zagaye na shekara-shekara cewa ya kai santimita 9 a tsayi. Aƙƙansa suna girma ko ƙasa da madaidaiciya, kuma tana da ƙananan ganye har zuwa 9 x 4 milimita. Furannin ta sun bayyana rukuni-rukuni a cikin corymbs kuma farare ne.
Ya tsiro a cikin Yankin Iberian, musamman a cikin daji inda yanayi yake Rum. Yana cikin hatsarin lalacewa saboda asarar wurin zama.
Paeonia budori
Hoton - Wikimedia / A. Bar
La Paeonia budori tsire-tsire ne yayi tsayi zuwa santimita 70 tsayi, bunƙasa mai ƙyalƙyali wanda daga shi ganyen kore mai haske suke fitowa. Furanninta manya-manya ne, kuma masu kaɗaita, masu launi ja.
Yana da iyaka ga Yankin Iberian, musamman ga gandun daji, karkashin bishiyoyi da dazuzzuka masu duwatsu.
phoenix canariensis
La phoenix canariensis, ko dabinon Canary Island, wani nau'in tsubbu ne na tsibirin Canary. Yana samarda akwati daya mai kauri tare da ganyen tsini tsawon mita 5 zuwa 7. Zai iya kaiwa tsawon tsawo na mita 13.
Jinsi ne wanda aka yadu a cikin lambuna, saboda kyanshi da yanayin birni, saboda yana adawa da sanyi har zuwa -7ºC.
Shin kun san sauran abubuwan ƙarancin kayan lambu a Spain?