Akwai cututtukan da, gabaɗaya, ke afkawa jerin albarkatun gona waɗanda suka haɗu cewa su dangi ne, waɗanda ke buƙatar wasu yanayi makamancin haka, da dai sauransu. Koyaya, akwai wasu cututtukan da suka fi daidai kuma kawai suna kai hari ga wasu nau'ikan. Wannan shine abin da ke faruwa tare da zane-zane. Cuta ce da ke cutar da yawan mutane ()Ulmus karami). Wannan cuta ta fara bayyana a farkon karni na XNUMX kuma tunda aka tabbatar tana daya daga cikin cututtukan daji wadanda suke yin barna sosai ga yawan mutane.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu fada muku asalin zane-zane, irin barnar da yake haifarwa da kuma yadda ake kokarin kawar dashi.
Asalin zane-zane
Wannan cuta ta isa yankin Tsibirin Iberiya tare da barkewar cuta ta farko a farkon shekarun 80. Wannan barkewar ba zato ba tsammani kuma babu abin da zai hana. Wannan cutar ba a san ta da kyau ba, saboda ba ta taɓa faruwa ba a cikin teku. Saboda haka, zane-zane ya ɗauki rayukan adadi mai yawa.
Wannan cuta na yaduwa ne ta wani kwaro wanda shine babban mai yada cutar. Mutane da yawa sun sami nasarar yin rikodin waɗannan kwari da ke ƙoƙarin canja cutar daga wata bishiyar zuwa waccan. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwaro ne waɗanda aka fi sani da elm borer. Waɗannan coleopterans suna zaune akan ƙwayoyin da suka fi taushi kuma galibi suna cizon shi don sha ruwan. Babu makawa, da wannan isharar suna lalata bishiyoyi.
Kari kan haka, mace galibi tana kwan kwayayenta a wani wuri tsakanin bawon da gangar jikin. Don yin wannan, dole ne su samar da tashoshi. Lokacin da samari suka wuce matakin dalibi, manyan kwari suna tashi daga itace zuwa bishiya, suna jigilar kaya ƙwayoyin naman gwari da ke haifar da cutar da aka sani da hoto.
Nau'in naman gwari da ke haifar da cutar shine wakili na kwayar cuta ta gaskiya. Shin naman gwari ne Ceratocystis ulmi. Naman gwari ne wanda ke da halaye masu raunin ɗan adam wanda ke haɓaka mycelium a yankin inda ake gudanar da tasoshin sarrafawa ta inda yake tsinkayen ruwan kwaron. Ta wannan hanyar, mycelium ya mamaye dukkan ɓangaren xylem kuma ya ƙare har ya lalata tasoshin da ruwan ke gudana. Wannan yana haifar da jigilar ruwa da kayan abinci a cikin bishiyar. Sakamakon haka, alamun farko sune cewa ana ganin cikin rassan da layuka da launuka masu duhu.
Kwayar cututtuka da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta
Don ganin idan gwaiwar ta lalace tare da zane-zane, ana iya ganin bayyanar rashin lafiya tare da ido mara kyau. Tare da launi mafi rawaya, zaka iya ganin wasu rassan busassun, wasu sun lankwasa, busassun ganye, da dai sauransu. Wato, ana iya ganin bayyanar baki ɗaya cewa bishiyar ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau.
Wannan bayyanar ba da rashin lafiya galibi ya samo asali ne daga toshewar jiragen ruwa da gubawar ganyayyaki. Wannan shine yadda, tare da wucewar lokaci, cutar ta ƙare har ya kashe ƙwaƙƙwaran gaba ɗaya.
Alamomin farko na cuta a cikin elms yawanci suna bayyana a ƙarshen Yuni har zuwa tsakiyar Yuli. A wannan halin, zamu iya ganin yadda ganyayyaki suka fara hudawa saboda cutar. A yadda aka saba, a wannan lokacin na shekara, yakamata elm ya kasance cikin yanayi mai kyau saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi mai daɗi na fara bazara. Kamar yadda ya saba ganyen kan zama ruwan kasa a lokacin bazara. Koyaya, wannan baya haifar musu da fadowa daga bishiyar. Ana ajiye su a kan bishiyar har zuwa ƙarshen bazara, yayin da suke samun sautin launin rawaya. Wannan shine lokacin kaka idan sun fadi.
Duk da saukin fahimtar alamun hoto, yana da wahala a sami kwarin da ke yada shi. Su kwari ne masu ƙanƙan girma, kawai 5 mm ne ko ƙasa da hakan. Daya daga cikin matakan da ake kokarin aiwatarwa don dakatar da wadannan kwari shi ne sanya kaset din mannewa don kama su. Kasancewa masu irin wannan karamin girman, lokacin da suka je gwaiduwa don yin kwai, za su kasance tare ba tare da sun iya daukar cutar zuwa naman gwari ba.
Yawancin bishiyun elm an cire haushi don bincike a ciki kuma sakamakon shi ne cikakken ɗakin hotunan ramuka waɗanda ƙwaroro ya yi a cikin itacen itacen.
Yadda za a rabu da zane-zane
Don sa ido da kawar da cutar, dole ne a gudanar da shirye-shirye daban-daban wadanda ake aiwatar da tsaftace tsaftar tsafta kan kayan kwayar cutar da ka iya kamuwa da ita. Yin jiyya tare da magungunan kwari na iya zama wata hanyar taimako ga ƙwaro da ba sa iya ciyarwa. A farkon shekarun XNUMX, anyi amfani da maganin kashe kwari na DDT. Ganin yadda yake da guba da kuma abin da ya gurɓata ruwa da ƙasa, sai aka yanke shawarar watsi da shi. Wannan ya haifar da kashe kwarin da aka fi amfani dashi shine methoxychlor. Yana maganin kashe kwari mafi inganci idan yazo batun hana bera abinci.
Methoxychlor yana da halaye masu kyau waɗanda basa cutar da muhalli. Yana da wuya ya zama mai guba ga tsuntsaye ko dabbobi masu shayarwa, ba ya tarawa a cikin ƙwayoyin mai mai ƙyama kuma, mafi mahimmanci duka, an ƙasƙantar da shi tare da maye gurbinsa. Dole ne ku ba da kulawa ta musamman ga dabbobin kiwon kifin, don haka ya zama dole a yi taka tsantsan tare da amfani da methoxychlor a wuraren da ke kusa da nau'in halittun ruwa, saboda yana iya zama musu lahani.
Aya daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da shawarar don kaucewa mutuwar ƙwallon ƙafa, shi ne cewa ba za mu iya yin rassa a cikin lokacin furannin ba. A wancan lokacin, bishiyar ta fi sauki kuma cuta na iya kashe ta. Masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙari su sami haɗuwa ko ƙwanƙolin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda zai iya jure wa wannan nau'in cuta don kada su ci gaba da mutuwa kuma wannan yana haifar da halakarsu.
Kamar yadda kake gani, zane-zane na iya zama mummunar cuta ga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ƙwayoyin kwari ne ke yaɗuwa wanda da ƙyar muke iya gani. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da shi.