Akwai rassa da yawa da yawa a cikin ilmin halitta, kowannensu yana da halaye da mahimmancinsu. Ofaya daga cikinsu shine ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta, godiya ga wanda muka sami ci gaba masu mahimmanci a kimiyya da musamman a fannin magani. Koyaya, ilimin ɗan adam yana da iyakancewa a cikin wannan lamarin. Sabili da haka, ana samun sababbin abubuwan bincike koyaushe.
Kodayake yawancin mutane suna haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cuta a cikin mutane da dabbobi, gaskiyar ita ce ba za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Bugu da kari, muna amfani dasu koda a matakin masana'antu ne. A cikin wannan labarin zamuyi magana game da bioan bioan bioan bioan microbiology, bayyana menene kuma sunaye duk nau'ikan da suke. Bugu da kari, muna son fahimtar mahimmancin amfani da wannan ilimin ga mutane. Idan kuna sha'awar batun, ci gaba da karantawa.
Menene microbiology?
A cikin ilmin halitta akwai rassa da yawa da ke nazarin bangarori daban-daban na wannan babban rukuni. Ofayan ɗayan waɗannan kimiyyar ilimin halittu ne. Wannan yana da alhakin nazarin da nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda wannan reshen ilimin kimiyyar halitta yana mai da hankali ne kan cututtukan cututtukan mutane, galibi yana da alaƙa da rukunoni tsakanin magani, kamar rigakafin rigakafi, annoba, da kuma ilimin cututtuka.
Kodayake ilimin da muke da shi a yau albarkacin microbiology yana da yawa sosai, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa don bincika da sani. Sabbin abubuwan bincike na yau da kullun a cikin wannan ilimin kimiyya kuma ba abin mamaki bane, saboda bisa ƙiyasi, a halin yanzu kashi 1 cikin XNUMX na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin biosphere aka yi nazari. Wannan dalilin ne yasa har yanzu kwayoyin halittu suke farawa, duk da cewa an gano kananan kwayoyin tun shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Amma idan aka kwatanta da sauran fannonin ilimin halittu kamar ilimin tsirrai, ilimin kimiyyar dabbobi ko kuma ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya samu ne kawai.
Orananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Amma menene ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta? Tinananan abubuwa ne masu rai waɗanda ba sa gani ga idanun ɗan adam. Wani suna wanda aka san su dashi shine "microbes." Don haka zamu iya cewa microbiology shine ilimin kimiyya wanda yake nazarin kwayoyin halittar da kawai za'a iya ganinsu ta hanyar madubin hangen nesa: kwayoyin prokaryotic da na eukaryotic.
Microbes na iya kasancewa daga kwayar halitta guda, saboda haka kasancewar ta unicellular, ko kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka yi su da kwatankwacin ƙwayoyin, don haka ba za a sami bambancin kwayar halitta ba. Waɗannan na iya zama eukaryotic ko prokaryotic. A yanayin farko, ƙwayoyin suna da ambulaf na nukiliya, kamar fungi. A gefe guda, prokaryotes ba su da wannan ambulaf, wanda zai zama batun ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da haka, masana ilimin kimiyar kanana sun mai da hankali kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ana samunsa tsakanin kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi. Sauran microbes an bar su zuwa wasu rassa na ilmin halitta, kamar parasitology.
Menene nau'ikan kwayoyin halittu?
Saboda yanki ne mai fadi sosai, akwai nau'ikan ilmin kimiyar halittu da yawa wanda ɗalibai zasu iya kwarewa a kansu. Za mu ga ƙasa da abin da suke da abin da suke game da su.
Kwayar halittar jiki
Dangane da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ana nazarinsa, a matakin ilimin kimiyyar sinadarai, aikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan ya haɗa da metabolism, ƙa'idodinta da ci gabanta. Wannan nau'in ilimin halittar jikin dan adam yana da alaƙa da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Kwayar halittar microbial
Wannan reshe yana karatu tsari da tsara kwayoyin halittar kananan halittu. Bugu da kari, yana kuma nazarin yadda wadancan kwayoyin suke tsara aikin kwayoyin halitta. Kwayar halittar gado ta microbial tana da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta.
Ilimin halittu kanana
Kamar yadda zamu iya tunanin, ilimin kimiyyar halittu yana kula da karatun wadancan kwayoyin halittar haifar da cuta a cikin mutane, ƙwayoyin cuta, magani da watsawa. Saboda wannan, wannan nauin ƙwayoyin cuta yana da mahimmanci ga sauran ilimin kimiyya kamar su likitanci, ilimin kimiyyar magani, ilimin cututtuka da kuma, hakika, lafiyar jama'a.
Masana ilimin dabbobi
Kamar nau'in da ya gabata, ilimin kimiyyar dabbobi yana nazarin kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da cuta, amma a wannan karon na dabbobi. Ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke shafar dabbobi da dabbobi masu sha'awar tattalin arziki, kamar tumaki, aladu, awaki, kaji, da sauransu.
Mahalli mai ilimin muhalli
Idan mukayi magana game da kananan halittu, muna nufin kimiyyar da ke nazari bambancin ra'ayi da rawar kananan halittu a muhallinsu. Wannan reshe ya haɗa da ilimin geomicrobiology, bioremediation, microbial bambancin, da kuma robian ƙarancin muhalli.
Kwayar halittar halittu
Kamar yadda zaku iya tunanin, wannan karatun kimiyya juyin halittar kananan halittu, ciki har da haraji da tsarin kwayoyin cuta.
Masana ilimin halittu
Hakanan a matakin masana’antu akwai nau’in ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan shine wanda ke kula da karatu amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta game da amfani da su a cikin ayyukan masana'antu daban-daban. Ga wasu misalai:
- Samar da abinci kamar cuku, yogurts, da sauransu.
- Samar da halittu masu rai, kamar allurar rigakafi ko maganin guba.
- Maganin najasa.
- Fansar masana'antu don samun abubuwan sha na giya.
Wannan kimiyyar tana da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere, tunda samar da wasu takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta masu narkewar abu ya wuce gona da iri ta hanyar fasahar injiniyan kwayar halitta, duk don sha'awar tattalin arziki, ba shakka. Wannan shine yadda ake samun maganin rigakafi, bitamin, kwayoyin acid da amino acid, da sauransu.
Abincin microbiology
Game da abinci, nazarin da ake gudanar daga kwayoyin cuta yana da matukar tasiri. Sakamakon da aka samu a dakin gwaje-gwaje shine mafi rikitaccen ɓangare na duk tsarin kimantawa.
Sanitary microbiology
Kiwon lafiya nazarin halittu microbes da ke lalata abinci, ko ta yadda suke iya yada cututtuka ga mutanen da ke cin su.
Masana ilimin aikin gona
Wasu kwayoyin cuta, musamman fungi da kwayoyin cuta, samu a cikin ƙasa da ake amfani da ita don shuka tsire-tsire na tattalin arziki. Kimiyyar da ke nazarin su da kuma amfanin su shine ilimin ilimin halittu.
Ilimin halittar jiki
Dangane da ilimin tsirrai, ilimin halittar jiki shine karatun akan cututtukan shuka. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi ko nematodes na iya shafar shuke-shuke.
Lafiyayyun halittu
Game da ilimin halittar jiki, yana nazari halayyar ɗimbin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta yayin hulɗa a muhalli ɗaya. Don yin wannan, suna kulla alaƙar juna da juna.
Fannoni masu alaƙa da ƙananan horo
Baya ga nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar da ke akwai, akwai wasu fannoni da suka danganci ko kuma suna cikin wannan ilimin. Ga jerin su:
- Kwayoyin cuta: Nazarin prokaryotes, waxanda suke da asali kwayoyin cuta da archaea. Ya hada da Mycobacteriology.
- Ilmin halittar jiki: Nazarin algae da microalgae. Har ila yau ana kiransa "algology."
- Mycology: Yi nazarin namomin kaza.
- Micropaleontology: Yi nazarin microfossils.
- Kalmomin zamani: Nazarin pollen da spores.
- Protozoology: Yi nazarin ladabi.
- Virology: Nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Menene aikace-aikacen ƙwayoyin cuta?
Kodayake a matakan tarihi an yi amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don haɗuwa da cututtukan mutum da na dabbobi kawai, amma a yau mun san cewa ƙwayoyin cuta masu banƙyama suna wakiltar kashi kaɗan na duka. Mafi yawan kwayoyin halittu suna da kyau kuma suna da mahimmanci a gare mu da tsarin halittu, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin daidaituwa a cikin sassanmu. Ba tare da su ba ba za mu iya narkewa ba.
Baya ga mahimman ayyukan da suke aiwatarwa a cikin ƙwayoyinmu, ana amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin masana'antu ta hanyar masana'antu don samarwa, misali, abubuwan sha na giya, yogurts ko maganin rigakafi. Hakanan ya kamata a lura da mahimmancinsa a binciken nazarin halittu da aka gudanar a duk duniya. Daga cikinsu akwai samar da furotin da jigilar kwayar halitta.
Kamar yadda ilimin kimiyya ne na musamman, ilimin microbiological ya kasu kashi da dama:
- Ilimin halittu kanana
- Immunology
- Ilimin halittu da kanana
- Masana ilimin aikin gona
- Fasahar kere kere
Kowannensu yana da mahimmanci ga irin rayuwar da muke yi a halin yanzu. Menene ƙari, da yawa daga cikin wadannan ilimin ba za su samu ci gaba ba idan ba don masu binciken kwayoyin halittu ba.
Mahimmanci a yau
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ilmin halitta da magani. Musamman dangane da filayen ilimin halittar jini, kwayar halitta da nazarin halittu. Sakamakon wannan kimiyya ya kasance mai kyau sosai, yana sauƙaƙa sababbin magunguna don magance cututtuka daban-daban na mutane da dabbobi. Amma ba kawai ya shafi duniyar kiwon lafiya ba ne, har ma a wasu fannoni kamar masana'antar abinci. Godiya ga karatun da aka gudanar kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin aikin gona, yana yiwuwa a yaƙi ƙwarin ƙwayoyin cuta don kaucewa raguwar yawa da ingancin amfanin gona.
A ƙarshe zamu iya cewa ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam ilimin kimiyya ne mai mahimmancin gaske a yau. Godiya gareshi zamu iya cinye wasu abinci kuma mu kula da cututtuka da dama tare da ƙwayoyi. Don haka zamu iya yin farin ciki da cewa akwai kananan kwayoyin halitta, saboda kadan daga cikinsu suna cutar da mu. Ina fatan wannan labarin ya bayyana muku duk shakku game da wannan reshe na ilimin halittu.