Lokacin da muke da albarkatu a cikin lambun birane da cikin lambunan, kwari da cututtuka za su iya afka wa shuke-shuke. Baya ga kwari na yau da kullun, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke shafar amfanin gonar mu dole ne mu halarci wurin nematodes. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗauke su a matsayin ƙananan tsutsotsi waɗanda ba sanannu da su kamar sauran kwari ba. Matsalar wadannan kwari ita ce, akwai wadanda suke da amfani, kodayake mafi yawansu suna da illa. Ba kowa ya san menene nematodes ko abin da suke wakilta a harkar noma ba.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da nematodes da ƙaunarsu a cikin aikin gona.
Menene nematodes
Su dabbobi ne waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar tsutsotsi. An rarraba su azaman pseudocoelomatas. Don ƙarin bayani kaɗan kuma ku sami ra'ayoyi mafi sauƙi game da waɗannan dabbobi, ana iya bambanta su azaman tsutsotsi masu siffofi daban-daban na wayoyi. A cikin ƙungiyar nematodes waɗanda ke kai hari ga tsire-tsire kuma, sabili da haka, suna da haɗari ga albarkatunmu, muna da masu zuwa:
- Endoparasites: Waɗannan sune waɗanda suke cikin tsiron kuma suna haɓaka a ciki. Ana kuma gabatar da ƙwai a ciki.
- Semi-endoparasites: wani ɓangare na tsutsa yana tsayawa a cikin tsiren kuma wani ɓangaren yana zama a waje. Ana cin faren ƙwai a waje.
- Edananan ectoparasites: Ectoparasites sune wadanda ke shiga cikin kai kawai a cikin shuka kuma ana zubar dasu ne kawai daga lokacin da kiwo ya iso.
- Kewaya ectoparasites: kawai sun ziyarci shukar ne ta hanyar rubutun. Sauran lokacin suna daga wannan shuka zuwa wani.
Tsire-tsire da bayyanar cututtuka
Ofaya daga cikin tambayoyin da ake yadawa game da yadda waɗannan tsutsotsi ke kaiwa tsire-tsire shine menene alamun da zamu iya gani don ganowa. A mafi yawan lokuta galibi mukan sami nematodes a cikin ƙasa. Ana aiwatar da harinta ne kawai akan tushen. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, wannan babbar matsala ce ga manoma. Yana da ɗan wahalar yin hango ko hana kai harin nematode akan amfanin gona.
Domin gano harin nematode ga kowane tsire-tsiren mu dole ne mu jaddada ainihin gani na alamun. Waɗannan su ne kamar haka:
- Bayyanar buds da yawa daga baya fiye da al'ada.
- Yaduwar raunin shuka ga bayyanarta da rashin girma.
- Rashin ci gaba a asalin. Wannan ba mai sauƙin ganewa ne ga manomi.
- Ganyen ganye
Da zarar mun gano manyan alamun cututtukan da tsirrai waɗanda nematodes ke kaiwa galibi suna da su, dole ne mu kai hari. Maganin waɗannan nau'in dabbobi yana da rikitarwa. Wannan saboda dole ne a gudanar da wani magani daban dangane da nau'in jinsin da kuma rabe-rabensa. Tunda suna aiwatar da zagayen rayuwarsu a cikin tsiron, yana da matukar wahalar kawarwa.
Samfurori don kawar da nematodes
Akwai samfuran da yawa waɗanda ake siyarwa kuma aka rarraba su azaman nematostatics. Waɗannan kayayyakin zasu taimaka wa amfanin gona don haɓaka koda kuwa koyaushe waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna shafar su. A cikin kasuwa, ana siyar da kayayyaki don kula da waɗannan dabbobin kuma an raba su zuwa waɗancan samfuran na yanayin muhalli da nau'in haɗin kai. Wasu daga cikin batutuwan da amfani dasu a cikin waɗannan samfuran yawanci suna aiki azaman nematicides. Wasu daga cikinsu suna aiki ne kawai lokacin da duniya ta zama babu komai a kanta. Wannan yana nufin cewa, domin yin maganin ƙwayoyin ƙasa gaba ɗaya daga gaban nematodes, muna buƙatar ƙasar ba tare da kowane irin shuka ba.
Daya daga cikin manyan kayan da aka siyar don kawar da wadannan kwayoyin shine oxamyl. Dole ne a bincika izinin ku a gaba saboda akwai yankuna da yawa inda ba a ba da izinin amfani da shi ba. Yana da amfani mai amfani sosai akan wasu nau'ikan nematodes. An haɗa shi ta hanyar ban ruwa don ƙara hankali a hankali. Yana aiki ta hanyar tsarin tsari wanda zai fara tun daga tushe zuwa ganye.
Ga mutanen da ke karɓar maganin muhalli don sarrafa wannan kwaro, ana amfani da wasu fungal spores. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya fito ne daga naman gwari Paecilomyces lilacinus. Wadannan spores suna aiki akan jihohin ilimin lissafi. Lokacin da akwai shuke-shuke da aka noma, ana iya amfani da sinadarin sodium hypochlorite a matsayin maganin kashe ƙasa. Dole ne a daidaita adadin lita ɗaya a cikin murabba'in mita dubu don kada amfanin gona ya lalace. Idan muka wuce aikace-aikacen kuma muka aikata ta hanyar ban ruwa, za'a iya samar da kwayoyin cuta wadanda basa sha'awar mu.
Nematodes masu amfani
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, ba duk nematodes bane yake cutar da amfanin gonar mu ba. Akwai wasu wadanda ke da aminci ko ma masu fa'ida. Wannan nau'in tsutsotsi yana cikin ƙungiyar entomopathogens. Su waɗancan dabbobin ne don saboda haka wajibi ne ga kwari. Anan ne fa'idodin da zamu iya samu daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suke fitowa.
Ba wai cewa su ne mafita nan da nan don kula da wasu kwari da yawa na amfanin gona ba, amma akwai kyawawan bincike game da wannan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan karatun suna nuna cewa akwai tabbataccen inganci akan wasu kwari. Wannan ya sa entomopathogens ana daukar su azaman bioinsecticides don nazarin halittu akan wasu kwari.
Wadannan dabbobin dole ne suke karbar bakuncin kwari, kodayake nematode kanta ba ita ke kashe kwarin ba. Tsarin yafi rikitarwa. Akwai dangantakar nematode-bacterium symbiosis a cikin altea nematode shine vector na kwayar cutar da ke cutar kwayar kwaron. Mun sani a matsayin vector na nazarin halittu duk wata halitta wacce ke aiki a matsayin jigila kuma zata iya watsa duk wani kwayar cuta zuwa wata kwayar halitta. Wannan ya sanya nematode yayi aiki a matsayin vector don samun damar iya canza wurin kwayoyin cutar da suka shafi jikin kwaron kuma suka dakatar da yaduwar kwaron. Don amfani da wannan nau'in nematodes ɗin zaku iya amfani da maganin feshi na gargajiya ko ma da ruwan ban ruwa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da nematodes da mahimmancin su a harkar noma.