A duniya akwai ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke iya samun kuzari daga abin da ba rai ba wanda ke cikin halin lalacewa. Duk game da kwayoyin ne saprophytes. Su rayayyun halittu ne waɗanda ke da alhakin yin ma'amala tare da mahalli a matakin ƙaramar microscopic. Godiya ga irin wannan rayayyun halittu, za'a iya sabunta halittu. Babban tushen abincin shi yana lalata kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarin halittu na iya ci gaba tare da sake zagayowar su kuma dawo da babban ɓangaren makamashin da ke narkewa tsawon shekaru.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da saprophytes da mahimmancinsu.
Babban fasali
Rukuni ne na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda fungi, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ruwa ke ciki. Suna da damar yin hulɗa tare da mahalli a matakin ƙaramar microscopic kuma rawar da suke takawa a cikin ƙimar muhalli yana da mahimmanci. Kwayoyin halitta ne wadanda ke da alhakin mamaye mataki na farko a cikin wargajewar abubuwa marasa rai. Lokacin da mai rai ya mutu, kwayoyin halittun saprophytic sune suke da alhakin lalata kwayoyin halitta. Suna da ikon yin amfani da wasu abubuwan daga cikin abubuwan da ba mai rai ba don canza shi zuwa kayan da za'a sake amfani dasu gaba daya.
Wannan shine yadda suke komawa ga yanayin a cikin ions kyauta duk abubuwan da tarkace ke ciki. Ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙananan kwastomomi tun da yawancin abincin da zasu iya cinyewa ƙananan ne. Ana samun su a cikin sarkar abinci kuma ana ɗauke da sinadarai masu amfani daga wani mummunan abu. Wannan yawanci yawanci tasirin lalatawa ne tare da shudewar lokaci.
Saprophytes sune kwayoyin heterotrophic saboda suna samun kwayoyin halitta daga wata kwayar. Ba sa iya samun ƙarfi da kansu. Yawanci suna samun kuzarinsu daga mataccen kwayoyin halitta ko talakawa masu cutarwa. Kwayoyin halitta ne wadanda ake ciro su daga rubabbun kayan wasu abubuwa wadanda ake amfani dasu don aiwatar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci.
Daya daga cikin manyan halayen shine osmtrophs. Wato, yana nufin cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin zasu iya ɗaukar abinci ta hanyar osmosis. Ana samun jigon jigilar abu a cikin kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban. Wannan ya sa osmosis yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen iya jigilar dukkan abubuwan gina jiki. Samun waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki ya dogara da narkewar waje. A wannan yanayin, enzymes sune suke saukaka lalacewar kwayoyin.
Biology na saprophytes
Za mu ga abin da sinadarin saprophytes ya kunsa don iya kaskantar da kwayoyin halitta kuma mu ciyar da shi.
- Bango na salula: Bango ne mai juriya wanda ƙwayoyin fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da na mulmula suke dashi. Wannan bangon yana da juriya tunda dole ne ya iya tsayayya da ƙarfin osmotic da ci gaban kwayar halitta. Yawanci galibi yana can wajen membrane na waje. Yana da membrane wanda aka hada shi da chitin, yayin da algae, kuma yake a halin yanzu, yawanci sun hada da glycoproteins da polysaccharides. A wasu lokuta ne kawai za'a iya ganin cewa wannan bangon kwayar yana da silicon dioxide.
- Plamma membrane: membrane plasma a cikin kwayoyin halittar saprophytic yana da yanayin zafin jiki na zabi. Godiya ga irin wannan tasirin, zasu iya amfani da yaduwa saboda kawai wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin ko ions zasu ratsa cikin membrane kanta.
Wadannan kwayoyin suna da ikon gyara kayan abu da kuma pH na muhalli. Yana da takamaiman fasalin da ke faruwa a cikin koren fungi kuma yana daga cikin rukunin fungi wadanda suke cikin jinsin halittar Penicillium. Duk kwayoyin cuta na jinsin Pseudomonas na iya canza launi dangane da yanayin da aka same su.
Muhalli na saprophytes
Mun ambata a lokuta da dama cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da mahimmanci don daidaita yanayin ɗabi'a. Mun san cewa yana cika aiki ga yanayin halittar tunda suna daga cikin halittun da ke da alhakin rufe yanayin kwayar halitta. Lokacin da wadannan kwayoyin suke ciyarwa ana caje su da ruguza dukkan kwayoyin halittun da suka riga suka kammala tsarin rayuwarsu. Godiya ga wannan, za su iya samun abubuwan gina jiki wadanda aka sake sarrafa su, aka sake su, aka kuma dawo da su ga muhalli. Ta wannan hanyar, wadannan abubuwan gina jiki zasu sake samun wasu halittu domin su ci gajiyar su.
Kwayar halittar da ta rube tana da abubuwan gina jiki irinsu iron, calcium, potassium da phosphorus. Waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban shuke-shuke. Tunda bangon kwayar halittar shuke-shuke shima an hada shi da sheki, yana da wahala ayi sarrafa shi yadda yakamata don yawancin kwayoyin halitta. Koyaya, waɗannan saprophytes Suna da ƙungiyar enzymes wanda ke basu damar narke tsarin bangon kwayar halitta ba tare da rikitarwa da yawa ba.
Arshen samfurin tsarin lalacewa shine ƙwayoyin carbohydrate mai sauƙi. Lokacin da wannan tsarin bazuwar ya auku, ana sakin carbon dioxide a cikin muhallin da tsirrai ke karbarsa ta hanyar aiwatar da hotuna. Yawancin abubuwan da rayayyun halittu suke dasu ana iya kaskantar dasu kusan ta hanyar saprophytes. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin shine lignin.
Gina Jiki
Zamu rarraba kungiyoyin zuwa wacce za a iya rarraba saprophytes ya dogara da nau'in abinci. Dogayen saprophytes sune waɗanda ke samun abinci na musamman ta hanyar bazuwar kwayoyin halitta marasa rai. Ya kasance na saprophytes ne kawai a lokacin wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu kuma sun zama masu jujjuya fata. Wannan nau'in abinci mai gina jiki an san shi da osmtrophy tunda yana faruwa a matakai da yawa kuma ta hanyar aikin osmosis.
Wadannan saprophytes suna da alhakin sakin wasu enzymes na hydrolytic wadanda zasu iya samarda manyan kwayoyi wadanda suke dauke da tarkace kamar polysaccharides, protein da lipids. Wadannan kwayoyin, ta hanyar aikin osmosis, ana bude su cikin wasu kananan kwayoyin. A sakamakon haka, ana sakin kwayoyin halittun da suke narkewa. Godiya ga wannan, abubuwan sun isa cytoplasm kuma saboda haka ana iya wadatar da kwayoyin saprophyte, tare da barin ci gaban su da ci gaban su.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da saprophytes da mahimmancin su a cikin yanayin.