Yisti, algae da naman gwari, tare don rayuwar lichens

Kamar yadda muka gani a rubutun baya game da lichens, suna buƙatar wasu yanayin muhalli don su iya rayuwa da kyau kuma su hayayyafa yadda ya kamata har zuwa mamaye yankin.

A lichen sakamakon sakamakon alaƙa ne tsakanin alga da naman gwari. Koyaya, masana kimiyya, bayan shekaru da yawa suna nazarin lichens, sun sami sabon bincike: a cikin wancan alakar biyu, akwai ta uku, yisti. Me ya sa bayan shekaru da yawa na karatu, masana kimiyya ba su fahimci kasancewar yisti a cikin wannan alaƙar dangantakar ba?

Dangantakar cututtuka tsakanin alga da naman gwari

Tabbas kun taba ganin dutsen da yake da tabo a samansa a rayuwar ku. Taba wacce launinta zai iya bambanta tsakanin baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa, lemu ko koren. Hakanan kun sami damar ganin waɗannan ɗakunan a kan rufin, kan tsofaffin gidaje, bishiyoyi, da dai sauransu. Wadannan tabo da kuka gani sune lichen da aka kirkira ta hanyar tarayya tsakanin alga da fungus.

A dabi'a akwai nau'ikan alaƙa tsakanin halittu masu rai. Mun sami rayayyun halittu waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a tsakanin su, wasu kuma ƙwayoyin cuta ne da sauran waɗanda alaƙar su yana amfani duka biyu. Fiye da rikice-rikice, kalma mafi dacewa ta fasaha don ta shine haɗin kai. Mutuwar juna dangantaka ce tsakanin algae da naman gwari wanda ke samar da lasisin da ɓangarorin biyu ke samu daga dangantakar. Me ku biyu zaku iya samu daga wannan dangantakar?

A rayuwar lichen, algae yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na yi photosynthesis don samar da kwayar halitta ga naman gwari. Mun dan tsaya a takaice don bayyana cewa fungi ba halittu bane, wato, basa hada abincin su kamar shuke-shuke. Namomin kaza suna buƙatar kwayoyin halitta don ciyarwa. Wannan kwayoyin halitta algae suna ba da gudummawa yayin hotuna. Don mayar da ni'ima ga tsiren ruwan teku, naman gwari na kama ruwan gishiri da gishiri daga muhallin da yake rayuwa, komai bushewarta, kuma tana bashi kariya daga yin lalata.

Kamar yadda muke gani, wannan dangantaka tana tafiya daga ƙarfi zuwa ƙarfi. Dukansu suna cin nasara kuma suna gudanar da rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da rikitarwa.

Yaya amfanin lichen?

Mun ga dangantakar da algae da fungi za su iya samar da lasisi. Amma menene muke amfani da lichens don? Anyi amfani da lichens a cikin tarihi don dalilai daban-daban wanda muka sami kanmu:

• Manna lichen, wanda ke girma a Arewacin Afirka da Tsibirin Canary, ana iya amfani dashi azaman abinci. A Pole ta Arewa, tsuntsaye da caribou suna ciyar da lasisi
• A masana'antar magunguna sun saba da su samun maganin rigakafi, bitamin C, da dyes, kamar litmus.
• A cikin kayan shafawa ana amfani dasu don cire ainihin abubuwa da turare.

Ina kuma so in ambaci cewa ana amfani da lichens a yau azaman alamomi na gurbatawa Kamar yadda muka gani a rubutun baya da aka ambata a baya, lichens na buƙatar wasu yanayi da yanayin rayuwa don rayuwa. Suna da saukin kamuwa da yanayin zafi, saukar ruwan sama, zafi, kasancewar maharan, da dai sauransu. Da kyau, wannan kwayar halitta tana matsayin mai nuna alamun cuta. Kasancewa mai saukin kamuwa da barbashi da aka dakatar sakamakon gurɓatacciyar iska ko ruwa da ƙasa, lasisi ba sa girma a waɗannan wurare. Sabili da haka, idan muka ga cewa wuri ya cika ƙa'idodin da suka dace don lichen ya rayu da kyau, amma duk da haka ba mu gani ba, zai gaya mana cewa wurin ya gurɓace.

Yisti a matsayin ɓangare na uku na alaƙar

Mun ga abin da lichen ya ƙunsa da abin da yake amfani da shi ga mutane. Koyaya, menene zakuyi tunani idan na gaya muku cewa algae da fungus ba sune kawai ke kasancewa cikin dangantakar da ke kunshe da lashen ba? Tun daga rayuwa, a makarantu, cibiyoyi da jami'o'i, duk lokacin da aka karanta lichens, zasu fara ne da bayyana cewa yana da alaƙa tsakanin algae da naman gwari. Amma karatun kwanan nan tabbatar cewa akwai bangare na uku na alaƙar: yisti.

A duniyar akwai fiye da nau'ikan lasisin 15.000 kuma dukkansu anyi karatu akansu ne akan cewa sune sakamakon alaƙar da ke tsakanin algae da fungus. Amma a yau, wataƙila lokaci ya yi da za a fara sauya wannan ra'ayin. Yisti wani ɓangare ne na wannan haɗin tsakanin algae da naman gwari a matsayin ɓangaren lichen. Masana kimiyya basu iya gano wanzuwar wannan kwayar halitta ba tun kafin ma ta karfin tabarau na kara girman gilashi da kuma bayan karnoni da tsara karatu.

Masu gano wannan bangare na uku na dangantakar sun kasance abokin aikin bincike na digiri na biyu Toby Spribille da abokan aikinsa daga jami’o’in Montana da ke Missoula, Uppsala (Sweden), Graz (Austria), Purdue (Amurka) da Kwalejin Kanada na Bincike mai zurfi a Toronto. Don yin wannan binciken, an yi amfani dasu sosai, banda abubuwan lura da microscopic, tare da lura da kwayoyin halittu.

Nazarin lichens mai guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa

Wannan binciken ya kasance a bangon mujallar Science kuma yana ɗauka duka juyin juya hali don abin da aka sani game da lalata da halayensu, rayuwarsu, dangantakarsu, ilimin halittu, da sauransu. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa ga masana kimiyya game da sake nazarin duk ilimin da tunanin da ake da su (har ma mafi mahimmanci) game da hanyar da lichens ke samarwa, game da yadda suke rayuwa, rawar da kowane bangare na alakar ke takawa, game da wanda ke taka rawa. , da sauran batutuwa.

Babu shakka, kamar kusan dukkanin binciken kimiyya, wannan ba shine ainihin abin binciken ba. Dalilin da ya sa masana kimiyya suka gano dalilin da ya sa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ilmin likitanci ke da kusanci sosai kuma suke rayuwa cikin tsarin halittu iri daya suna da irin wannan banbancin ra'ayi: ɗayan yana da guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma ɗayan ba haka ba ne. Nazarin DNA ya kara zurfafa sirrin ne, saboda jinsin biyu suna da kwayoyin halittar juna. Ko don haka ya zama kamar.

An gano yisti ta hanyar lichen DNA

Don bayanin wannan binciken, dole ne a ambaci wasu abubuwa na ƙirar halitta. Zamu fara saboda kwayoyin halittar sunadarai ne na DNA, amma don kunna wadannan kwayoyin, dole ne a bude helix biyu na asassan nitrogen sannan a cire kwafin daya daga cikin igiyoyinsa. Wannan kwafin da muka cire daga helix biyu ba DNA bane tunda yana da igiya daya kawai, shi yasa muke kiransa RNA. Saboda haka, idan mutum yayi nazarin wannan layin RNA, kai a kaikaice kana duban kwayoyin halittar da suka fi tasiri a wannan kwayar halitta.

Wannan shine abin da waɗannan masanan ke yi. Sun yi nazarin RNA na wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lichens guda biyu, domin sanin dalilin daya sanya guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma dayan ba haka bane. Tabbas a cikin tsarin RNA zasu iya gano dalilin wannan yanayin. Bayan nazarin duka RNAs, an sami banbanci mai ban mamaki: kuma gaskiyar magana ita ce RNA ba ta dace da naman gwari da aka sani a cikin alamomin kawai ba, har ma da wani nau'in naman gwari, yisti. Wannan yisti ya wuce kwata-kwata ba a lura da shi na ƙarni da rabi na karatu. Bugu da kari, nau'ikan lichen da ke da illa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fi wannan yisti fiye da nau'in da ba shi da guba.

A cikin binciken da aka gabata na wasu nau'ikan lichens, ba a kula da wannan yisti ɗin saboda suna ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wannan alaƙar haɗin gwiwa. Muna samun kwafi ɗaya ko biyu na DNA a kowace sel. Koyaya, an riga an gano cewa wasu daga cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu suna aiki sosai kuma suna iya yin kwafin RNA ɗari ko dubbai na kowane ɗayan DNA. Wannan shine mabuɗin samun nasara. Kuma, hakika, yisti ne yayi bayanin dalilin da yasa lichen daya mai guba ne kuma dayan ba shi, duk da cewa suna da kama a cikin komai.

Nazarin lichens a duniya

Ana iya yin wannan binciken a cikin layin Montana don gano dalilin da yasa ɗayan ya zama mai guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma ɗayan ba haka bane, duk da cewa yana da kwayar halittar jini iri ɗaya. Koyaya, Masu binciken sun nemi kasancewar wannan yisti a cikin lichens a duniya. Daga Japan zuwa Antarctica ta Latin Amurka ko Habasha. Kamar yadda suke tsammani, sashi na uku na wannan alaƙar dangantakar ana samunta a cikin dukkanin layin duniya. Yana da haɗuwa da ɓangaren shahararrun maganganu a cikin ilimin halittu.

Don haka daga yanzu, idan muka ayyana lichen, dole ne mu ce cewa alaƙar alaƙa ce tsakanin alga, fungus da yisti (duk da cewa yisti kanta nau'in naman gwari ne), tunda wannan yisti ya kasance a cikin dukkanin lasisi a cikin tarihi, duk da haka, an ɓoye shi daga dukkan gilashin kara girman masana kimiyya sama da shekaru 100. Masana kimiyya tabbas sun gano shi a wasu lokuta, amma basu ankara ba.