Kune akawanda matavi esainzi aripo nhasi. Imwe yekare uye yakakosha mishonga ndeye botani. Vanhu vazhinji vakaita mukurumbira kuburikidza nezvitsva zvitsva zvine chekuita nemiti. Mumwe wavo aive Carlos Linnaeus, nyanzvi yemasikirwo eSweden uyo anozivikanwa nhasi sababa vemazuva ano botany.
Kune dzakawanda ongororo dzakaitwa naCarlos Linneo, asi mupiro wakatanhamara weiyi Naturalist ndiyo yake yekudyara sisitimu system. Iyo binomial nomenclature iyo inoreva kune ese ari maviri genus uye marudzi. Linnaeus akaburitsa ino system makore anopfuura 265 apfuura. Uye zvakare, zvaive zvekubatsira kukuru kupatsanura mhuka zvakare, kunyangwe neimwe nzira zvakasiyana neyakagadziriswa marongero aakashandisa pamiti. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve uyu murume mukuru uye nekutsvaga kwake, verenga mberi.
Linnaeus aive ani uye akaitei?
Muna 1707 ramangwana baba vemazuva bhotani vakaberekerwa muRashult, Sweden. Carl Von Linné, anozivikanwa muchiSpanish saCarlos Linneo, aive mwanakomana wemufundisi weLutheran uye akazopedzisira anyoresa kuYunivhesiti yeLund, iri muScania. Ikoko akatanga zvidzidzo zvake zvekurapa. Akadzidziswa nachiremba ane mukurumbira wenguva iyoyo ainzi Kilian Stobaeus. Munguva yekugara kwake muLund, Linnaeus akatora mukana kudzidzisa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira nekudzidza mabhuku nemakabati muraibhurari yeStobaeus.
Mushure megore rebasa, Carlos Linneo akachinja yunivhesiti ndokuenda kuUppsala, kwaaizoenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake zvekurapa. Ndaiwanzo shanyira yunivhesiti botanical gadheni uye akapedzisira asangana nevamwe vezvisikwa vakaita saOlaus Celsius, Olof Rudbeck, naPeter Artedi.
Carlos Linneo akatanga kufamba muEurope yose, achidzidza mhuka nemiti yenyika dzakasiyana uye achitsvaga. Kutenda neizvi, weSweden akasangana nevakawanda vesaenzi venguva iyoyo. Aya matsva ekutaurirana akazove akakosha kuti agone kubatanidza sehunyanzvi wezvakasikwa.
Mushure mekufamba nzendo dzakawanda, Linnaeus akazova purofesa we botany paUniversity yeUppsala. Ikoko akaita basa rakakosha kwazvo kuti agadzire maratidziro ehumambo hutatu hwezvisikwa. Akaisa mitemo yemaitiro ake mubhuku rake "Philosophia botánica" muna 1751. Makore maviri gare gare akaburitsa bhuku nyowani raizopedzisa chirongwa chake: "Species plantarum".
Linnaeus akaberekwa rini uye akafa rini?
Carlos Linneo, inozivikanwa botanist naturalist Iye akazvarwa May 23, 1707 mutaundi rinonzi Rashult, muSweden. Mushure memakore mazhinji ezvidzidzo zvakadzama uye kutsvagisa nezvezvisikwa nemhuka dzenyika dzakasiyana dzeEuropean, Linnaeus yakave chiratidzo mubhodani. Kubudikidza nekuburitswa kwemamwe mabhuku ezvinyorwa uye ake matsva kupatsanura system, akazove mumwe weanozivikanwa masayendisiti enguva yake. Musi waNdira 10, 1778, uyo anozivikanwa sababa veazvino bhotani akafa muUppsala, Sweden.
Chii chinonzi Linnaeus dzidziso?
Kunyanya, Linnaeus 'dzidziso chirevo chekupatsanura zvese mhuka nemiti. Basa rekutanga rakatsaurirwa izvi rakaburitswa muna 1735 uye rinonzi "Systema naturae". Mariri, akapa chirevo chitsva padanho remitero kuti akwanise kusheedzera mhuka, chirimwa uye mamineral humambo.
Makore gare gare, muna 1751, Carlos Linnaeus akaburitsa rimwe bhuku rakanzi "Philosophia botanica", rinozopedzisira rave iro basa rake rine simba. Panguva ino akataura kuti yakasarudzika systemization inogona kugadzirwa pahuMwari, husingachinjiki uye hwepakutanga zvisikwa zvemarudzi ese. Chii chimwe, yakaratidza kuti zvirimwa zvinoberekana pabonde uye zvakatumidza zvikamu zvinobatanidzwa zveruva. Neichi chiwanikwa, Carlos Linnaeus akakwanisa kugadzira taxonomic scheme vachishandisa nhengo dzebonde dzezvirimwa. Kune izvi akashandisa stamen kusarudza iyo kirasi uye pistil yeodha.
Kunze kwezviitwa izvi, Carlos Linneo akatanga nzira yaanoshandisa zita rake remazita kudoma zvirimwa. Kuti uzviite, yakasarudza zita reiyo genus uye rimwe zita remhando yacho. Mupiro wake kumazita emhuka waive wakakoshawo. Nekudaro, iyo sisitimu inosiyana neyeyezvirimwa, nekuti kumhuka yakashandura kune akasiyana maitiro ane hukama neyakaitika mukati.
Iyo Linnaean system irikushandiswa parizvino. Nekudaro, zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakarongedzwa zvichienderana nemajini maitiro, sezvo zviri izvo zvinodzora zvinhu zvekutaura kwemaatomical zvinhu.
"Species plantarum" naCarlos Linneo
Musi waMay 24, 1753, Carlos Linnaeus akaburitsa vhoriyamu yekutanga ye "Species plantarum". Iri bhuku kusanganiswa kwemarudzi ese emiti anozivikanwa nemunyori mumwe chete, uyo panguva iyoyo aive mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha botanist. Muhupenyu hwake hwese aiburitsa mamwe maviri edhisheni aizove neruzivo rwekuwedzera uye kugadzirisa kune zvekare shanduro.
Chikonzero chikuru nei basa iri rakamira iri hurongwa hwekupatsanura hunoshandiswa naCarlos Linneo. Izvi zvakakonzera kuzivikanwa kwemiti. Nezve izvi, kutsunga kweiyo specimen kwakaenda pamwe nesangano iro raive rakavakirwa pazita remazita. Zvinoti: Mazita maviri aireva zvese genus nemarudzi echirimwa. Panguva imwechete iyo Linnaeus 'classification system yakagadzika mapoka akasiyana ezvienzanidzo zvinoenderana kana zvimiro zvemitero, yakaisawo zvirimwa muzvikamu, maodha, genus, uye marudzi.
Pamberi pekuburitswa kwe "Species plantarum", Carlos Linnaeus akange auya rwendo rurefu semunda wezvisikwa. Kuburikidza nenzendo dzakasiyana siyana muhupenyu hwake akasangana nevakawanda vakasarudzika venguva. Linnaeus akapedzisira ave nyanzvi yezve botanical munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze European sainzi. Nenzira iyi akazviitira zita rake saasisitimu akarongeka mune yaive Europe muzana ramakore gumi nemasere.
Carlos Linneo uye kukanganisa kwake kune botanical world
Iko kushoropodzwa kwakagamuchirwa naCarlos Linneo kwebhuku rake "Species plantarum" kwaive kwakanaka kwazvo. Vakuru vezvirimwa panguva iyoyo, vakadai seChirungu William Watson, vakarumbidza basa rake. Sekureva kwaWatson, iro basa rakaitwa naLinnaeus raizotambirwa seye hunyanzvi hwemusikirwo akazara wenguva yese, zvirinani nema botanist avo vakange vadzidza iyo system yakataurwa neSweden.
Nezve iro zita remazita uye kupatsanura, Carlos Linnaeus ndiye wekutanga wechisikigo kushandisa nemaune zita remazita zvese zviri zviviri botani uye zoology. Ndiye akasimbisa iyo kushandiswa kwemazita echiLatin neLatinized anoshanda pasi rese yemarudzi asingaverengeke emiti nemhuka. Kuti aone basa rake, akawedzera mifananidzo uye tsananguro.
Linnaeus akaronga sei zvinhu zvipenyu?
Kurongeka kwechisikigo pakutanga kwaive kwakavakirwa pahuwandu hukuru hwevanhu vakabatanidzwa. Nekudaro, nzira yaLinnaeus yaive yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwemavara mashoma akasarudzika ekuumba mapoka akasiyana. Kuti uite iyi classification system, Carlos Linneo yaive yakavakirwa pane huwandu hwenzvimbo dzebonde idzo maruva anadzo, Kureva, stamens nemapistil. Muna 1735 akaburitsa bhuku "Systema Naturae", maakaburitsa chirongwa chitsva ichi chepabonde.
Nyanzvi yeSweden yakasarudzika zvirimwa nema angiosperms, phanerogams kana nemaruva mumakirasi ese makumi maviri nematatu, achifunga nhengo dzemurume, idzo dzinonzi stamens. Linnaeus akacherekedza ese maviri manhamba uye kukwirira kwavo uye akatarisisa kune avo vaive vakasununguka kana mauto. Nekudaro, apo chirimwa chacho chaive ne stamen imwechete yaive Monandria, nemaviri yaive Diandria, nezvimwe. Nezve zvirimwa pasina maruva anooneka, vaive vekirasi 23, iwo ma cryptogams. Kana zviri zvirimwa zvine nhengo dzemukadzi, zvinonzi mapistils, kana vaingova neimwe chete vaive Monogynia, kana vaine maDigynia maviri, nezvimwe. Nekudaro, iwo maodha akapatsanurwa kuita genera, uye aya muzvipenyu.
Nezve iro zita chairo, izvi zvakashandiswa kuratidza uye kusiyanisa chirimwa chimwe nechimwe. Kuti uwane izvi, sangano raireva mutsauko wakadhindwa pakati peumwe neumwe wavo. Kuti basa rake riwanikwe kune nyanzvi nevadzidzi, Carlos Linnaeus akanyora mabasa ake muchiLatin chehunyanzvi chakatangira muEurope munguva dzepakati nepakati peRenaissance. Bhinomial chikumbiro chakaitwa naLinnaeus panguva iyoyo ndiyo hwaro hwazvino zoological uye botanical zita remazita.
Kutenda kutsvagisa uye kushanda kwakakosha senge kwaCarlos Linneo isu parizvino tine ruzivo rwakanyanya nezve pasirese. Nekudaro, kuchine zvakawanda zvekutsvaga nekuvandudza. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwatiri kusangana nako kunoita kuti Sayenzi ifambire mberi nekuwedzera zuva nezuva. Kunyangwe hazvo kuchine zvakawanda zvinofungidzirwa uye fungidziro zvinosara zvichisimbiswa, munhu ari kusvika padyo nepadiki zvakavanzika zvinochengetwa nenyika.
Ndinovimba chinyorwa ichi chakabatsira uye chakadzidzisa iwe. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive nezve zvihombe zvakawanikwa izvo zvakatoitwa, kuti vatevere mutsoka dzevanhu vakadai saCarlos Linneo. Pamwe, rimwe zuva, isu tinogona kuve iwo ekutsvaga chimwe chinhu chitsva uye chisingazivikanwe kusvika zvino.