Nhasi tichataura nezvemhando yezvipembenene zvinokanganisa zvakananga chestnut muti. Ndezve iyo chestnut wasp. Zita rayo resainzi ndi Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Chinhu chechipembenene chinobva kuChina uye chakatanga kuwanikwa muSpain muna 2012. Nekufamba kwenguva, chapararira kunharaunda yese yeSpain. Iyo mhando ine njodzi kwazvo yezvipembenene zvemiti iyi.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe nezve zvese hunhu, hupenyu hwekutenderera uye kurapwa kweiyo chestnut wasp.
Mhando huru
Imhando yezvipembenene zvine vanhu vakuru vanoita kubhururuka munguva yechirimo. Panguva ino yavanokandira mazai avo mumazai emashizha emashizha. Vakuru vari chikamu chevakadzi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havadi kuisirwa fetereza kuti vakwanise kukandira mazai. Mumwe nemumwe wavo inokwanisa kuisa mazai anosvika zana nemakumi mashanu. Iko kugona kwevakadzi kunoita kuti chirimwa chiwedzere nekukurumidza.
Pakati pehunhu hunowanikwa nevechidiki ndechekuti vanoramba vari muchimiro chemaruva kusvika panguva yekumera mugore rinotevera. Apa ndipo panotangira kumera uye hura dzematavi dzinotanga kumera. Apa ndipo panobuda maruva pakubuda muchando kuitira kufura mumatura emuti. Dambudziko nemhando iyi yekudyisa ndeyekuti ivo vanokonzeresa mhando yegalls inokonzeresa kudzikiswa kwemashizha pamusoro ayo anogona photosynthesize kusvika kusvika hafu. Iri dambudziko rekurwisa chestnut muti haritenderi kuti riite photosynthesis zvakanaka.
Biological kurwisa chestnut wasp
Sezvataona, imhando yezvipembenene zvinonetsa kudzora. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mishonga yakasiyana inofanirwa kutangwa. Parizvino, kurwa kwega kunoshanda ndekwekubereka nekusunungura imwe mhando yechipembenene cheparasitoid. Zviri nezvechipembenene Torymus sinensis. Nzira yekudzora inouya nekuti inoisa mazai ayo mumakomba uye ivo vanodya pamaruva eiyo chestnut wasp. Mhinduro iyi inosanganisira kuzadzikiswa kwekuburitswa kukuru kwevanhu vakuru mumwaka wekumera. Zvimwe kana zvishoma pakati pematanhatu nemakore masere ekuita anodikanwa kune iwo zviitiko zvehutachiona hwakawandisa kuti vakwanise kusvika pachiyero chevagari.
Izvi zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa sezvo chiri chese-chisikwa bhayoroji kudzora kunze kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Panguva iyo vanhu vezvipembenene zvese vasvika kuenzana, kuburitswa kwevanhu vatsva hakuchisina basa. Mhedzisiro yezvipembenene inomira kuita nekukanganisa kugadzirwa. Muenzaniso weaya manhamba ekudzora kwave kuve kuGalicia. Kwayedza kuburitswa kweichi chipembenene cheparasitoid kwakatanga muna2015. Kunyangwe izvi, pokutangira panofungidzirwa gore ra2018, sezvo raive gore ravakatanga kuita kuburitsa kwakawanda.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura muSpain kuburitswa kwevagadziri vakasiyana kwakatenderwa, nemakambani anosvika mana kuSpain anotenderwa kushambadzira zvipembenene zveparasitoid. Naizvozvo, nekukwanisa kuitengesa, zvinoreva kuti kuburitswa kunogona kuitwa pane imwe nhanho.
Regedza zvabuda
Yakanaka data inogona kuwanikwa kubva mukuburitsa mhedzisiro. Kuburitswa kwakatariswa uye nhevedzano yeongororo yemunda yakaitwa. Vakaunganidzwa uyepakati pegumi nemashanu gill yemapoinzi mazana mana nemazana mana uye Torymus akawanikwa mune makumi mashanu nemashanu. Pano vanhu zana nemakumi mana nevatanhatu vakawanikwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuburitswa kwezvipembenene zveparasitoid kunobva kune chestnut wasp ine mwero wekubudirira we146% mugore rekutanga. Raive gore rekutanga rekuburitswa kwevanhu vazhinji, unova unogonesa mhedzisiro. Kukura kwekujekesa kweichi chipembenene cheparasitoid kunotarisirwa mumakore anotevera ayo batsira zvirinani kudzora huwandu hweiyo chestnut wasp.
Inenge ingangoita nzvimbo yese yeIberian Peninsula ine nzvimbo dzinogadzira chestnut. Munzvimbo idzi mune zvakakanganiswa miti yemaknutnut uye kuburitswa kwechirwere ichi kuri kuitwa munzvimbo zhinji dzataurwa.
Mhando dzakasiyana ne chestnut wasp
Ngatione kuti ndeapi marudzi akasiyana uye akasiyana anopesana ne chestnut wasp. Pakati peavo vekare tinowana mamwe marudzi anoshivirira akadai seNigral, yakasarudzika yakasarudzika mhando, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya seye pollinator, kana Longal, imwe yemhando dzinonyanya kudikanwa dzeindasitiri yekugadzirisa. Kunze kwe zvisingashiviriri tinowana De Parede kana Ventura mhando pakati pevamwe. Hapana chimwe cheaya marudzi echinyakare chakakwanisa kuratidza kushorwa zvachose nehutachiona.
Naizvozvo, mamwe marongero ezviito akagadzwa kupokana nechirwere ichi. Ngatione kuti ndeapi makuru ekuita poindi.
- Haufanire kubvisa zvivindi. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti iyo galls inogadzirwa neye chestnut wasp inogona kunge yatove kugara mukati meiyo parasitoid. Naizvozvo, isu tinogona kunge tichikuvadza rudzi urwu rwekurwira kwenyama. Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti iyo Torymus inoramba iri mumakomba akaomeswa kudzamara yabuda chitubu chinotevera. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti uzive kuti havafanirwe kubviswa panguva yekuchekerera nguva yechando. Chero zvazvingaitika, matavi akachekwa anokwanisa kusiiwa muchirevo kuitira kuti maruva eparasitoid ararame.
- Iko kushandiswa kwezvipembenene hazvikurudzirwe. Izvo zvakatove zvakagumiswa kuti zvipembenene hazvina zvazvinoita pakurwisa utachiona. Uye zvakare, ivo vanogona kukanganisa iyo parasitoid.
- Mvura uye isa fetereza panguva yezhizha iyo sarudzo yakanaka yekuzadzisa post-ndege kukura kwe chestnut wasp. Mumabhureki aya anokwanisa kumera pasina utachiona gore rinotevera nekuda kwemaitiro aya.
- Panyaya yekujekesa, zvinokurudzirwa kuti usazviita munguva yechirimo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti Torymus anodyisa mukume uye nekita uye anogona kushandisa ese zvinomera senzvimbo yekugara. Kana isu tichida iyo parasitoid kuti igone kukura mune yakanaka mamiriro uye kurwisa ichi chipembenene, zviri nani kudzivirira kuchenesa munguva yechirimo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chestnut wasp uye kuti ungarwisa sei.