Masero emhuka nezvirimwa anosiyana nedzimwe nzira. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti sero rechirimwa rine chloroplasts uye mhuka haina. MaChloroplast anowanzo hombe organelles aripo mumasero emiti. Kazhinji, sero reshizha rinokwanisa kugara pakati pe20 ne100 machloroplast. Iyi organelles ine basa rakakosha ratinozoona muchinyorwa chino.
Isu ticha tsanangura zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve ma chloroplast, mashandiro avo uye kukosha kwavanako munyika yebhotani.
Mhando huru
Tiri kuzoongorora hunhu hukuru hweaya ma organelles. Isu tinowana inoshanduka morphology. Iko kune idenderedzwa, elliptical uye mamwe maumbirwo akaomarara. Iyo seti yekloroplast mune sero fomu inozivikanwa seplatidium. Mukati meplatidium mune DNA ine mageneti anosvika mazana maviri nemaviri ayo ribosomal RNA, inotamisa RNA uye mutumwa RNA akaiswa mukati. Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo iyo inogadzirwa mune iyo chloroplast pachayo, ichapa zvakafanira mapuroteni kuti organelle igovane uye iite photosynthesis.
Ndinoreva pasina machloroplast, zvinomera zvaisakwanisa photosynthesize. Paisazove nekuchinjana kwe CO2 yeoksijeni mudenga. Nezve morphology yeaya organelles, anoumbwa nemakamuri akati wandei. Zvikamu zvekunze zvakanyanya zvinoumbwa nemidziyo miviri, yekunze neyemukati. Kusiyana nemitochondria, iyo membrane yayainayo haina kupeta.
Mukati memakloroplast isu tinogona kuona iyo thylakoids. Aya ndiwo masaga akapetwa ayo akaganhurirwa ne membrane uye akarongedzwa. Ivo vari kugadzira mari-murwi-kunge zvivakwa zvinonzi granum. Aya masaga akabatana gare gare akabatana ne membranes. Muchikamu chine thylakoid mune mapuroteni nema mamorekuru ayo anoshandiswa kuita photosynthesis.
Kuparadzaniswa uye kufamba kwekloroplast
Aya ma organelles anofanirwa kunge achigovana achienderera kuti maseru awedzere uye uve nenhamba yakakwana muchikamu chinoshanda chephotosynthesis. Hazvidi kuti zviitike nguva dzese, asi sero, sekukamukana kwaro, rinogona kuwiriraniswa nekukamurwa kwemakloroplast. Kazhinji, synchrony iri pakati pekuparadzanisa maitiro eiyi organelles uye sero inoitika muzvirimwa zvinongova nechloroplast imwechete. Mumasero ari mune mesophyll yemashizha, machloroplast anopatsanura kuti akwanise kuwedzera muhuwandu, kunyangwe sero racho risiri kuzopatsanurana mberi. Izvi zvinoguma nekuwedzera kwema chloroplast pasero. Kana sero rikaramba richikamurana, ma chloroplast aisazowedzera nhamba yavo pasero, asi yaizogoverwa nevamwe.
Pamusoro pemashizha, huwandu hwemakloroplast ayo fomu anodzorwa kana kutemwa nehukuru hwesero. Chloroplast kazhinji inofanirwa kupatsanurwa kuburikidza nemwanasikana masero sekureba sekuparadzaniswa kwesero
Sezvatakambotaura, kupatsanurwa kwema chloroplast kunoenderana zvizere nemapuroteni akagadzirwa mukati memukati. Mukuita kwekukamurana, maviri mapuroteni mhete anoumbwa kwaanosanganisa, kune rumwe ruoko mapuroteni echloroplast pachayo, uye kune imwe mapuroteni ane chekuita nemagene ejenasi yesero.
Kana chirimwa chichifanira kuchinjika kune mamiriro ezuva akasiyana, chinongotamisa machloroplast ese ainayo musero rawo kuti akwanise kuchinjira kune ayo mamiriro. Kunyangwe kufamba kwacho kuchinonoka, zvakakwana kugadzirisa. Uye ndeyekuti mwenje wakawandisa unogona kushayisa simba ma chloroplast uye kuita kuti photosynthesis isanyanya kushanda.
Chloroplast inoshanda
Photosynthesis
Basa guru reaya ma organelles kuita chirongwa chephotosynthesis. Tichaongorora mabasa nhanho nedanho. Kuti utore simba rezuva, machloroplast ndiwo anoshandura simba remagetsi rinobva kuzuva richiva zvisungo zvemakemikari. Photosynthesis ine zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvinoitika zvese izvi. Chikamu chekutanga, chikamu chechiedza, umo simba rakajeka rinorova chirimwa neproton gradient richashandiswa mukubatanidzwa kweATP uye kugadzirwa kweNADPH.
Kune rumwe rutivi, photosynthesis ine chimwe chikamu cherima, umo mwenje haidiwe, asi zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa muchikamu chechiedza zviri. Muchikamu chino chine rima ndipo panogadziriswa CO2 muchimiro cheshuga phosphate. Chikamu chekutanga chephotosynthesis chinoitika mune iyo thylakoid membrane uye yechipiri mu stroma.
Mamwe mabasa
Pamusoro pekupa kune photosynthesis muzvirimwa, ma chloroplast ane mamwe akawanda mabasa. Mamwe mabasa makuru anomira pachena, senge synthesis yeamino acids, nucleotides uye mafuta acids. Ivo zvakare vanotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwehomoni, mavitamini uye mamwe mametabolite echipiri, zvichibatsira mukugadziriswa kwenitrogen nesarufa kumuviri. Sezvatakataura mune zvimwe zvinyorwa, nitrate ndiyo sosi huru ye nitrogen yezvirimwa. Nekudaro, akawanda maitrogen mafetiraiza ane huwandu hwakawanda hwechikamu ichi.
Huye, ndeyekutenda kuma chloroplast ayo zvirimwa zvinogona kushandisa iyi nitrate. Mamwe emametabolite akaumbwa mu chloroplast anoshanda kudzivirira kubva kune akasiyana hutachiona kana mukushandurwa kwemiti kunetseka, kuwandisa mvura kana kupisa kwakawanda.
Chekupedzisira, idzi organelles zvakare dziri mukukurukurirana kuri kuenderera pamwe nezvimwe zvinoriumba zvesero uye nenucleus pachayo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa muNucleus munogara majini mazhinji ane mapuroteni ane basa rekupa kune photosynthesis.
Sezvauri kuona, maChloroplast ndiwo akakosha masisitimu mumasero emiti. Kunyanya iwo mutsauko uripo pakati pemasero emhuka, nekuti iwo haana machloroplast. Nemabasa ese ainozadzikisa, kana asiri iwo, mazhinji ehupenyu hwatinahwo nhasi hahuzovepo, nekuti photosynthesis yaisazovapo.