Sezvo vazhinji venyu muchitoziva kare, zvirimwa hazvingotamburi nezvipembenene, asi zvinogonawo kutambura nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Kune marudzi akasiyana eizvi. Vanowanzosiyaniswa neiyo pathogenic agent inovakonzera. Muchinyorwa chino isu tichataura nezve cryptogamic zvirwere zvemiti. Iri izwi rinogona kunge risingaite serinojairika kwauri, asi mamwe eaya pathologies anoita.
Isu hatingotsanangure chete kuti chii chinonzi cryptogamic chirimwa zvirwere, asi isu tichataura nezve mimwe mienzaniso yavo, zvakadai se anthracnose kana botrytis. Saka kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve rudzi urwu rwechirwere, ini ndinokurudzira kuti urambe uchiverenga.
Chii chinonzi cryptogamic zvirwere?
Tisati tapa mienzaniso, isu tichatanga tatsanangura kuti chii chinonzi cryptogamic chirimwa zvirwere. Izvi zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefungi kana zvimwe filamentous parasitic organisms, zvakadai se oomycetes. Kana mhuka dzichibatwa, rudzi urwu rwechirwere runonzi "mycosis".
Asi chii chinoda kuziva chesangano re "cryptogamic" chinofanirwa? Zvakanaka, zvese fungi uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvine filamentous zvakarongerwa sekriptogamous zvirimwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvirwere zvavanokonzera zvinozivikanwa se cryptogamic zvirwere. Mafomu ayo aya pathologies anoratidzwa akasiyana kwazvo, inomiririra 90% zvese chirimwa pathologies, kana zvirwere zvezvirimwa.
Evolution ye cryptogamic plant zvirwere
Nezve kushanduka kwezvirwere zvekriptogamic mumiti, kusvibiswa kunoitika kutanga. Iyo spores ye cryptogamous fungi inotakurwa, kuburikidza nemhepo semuenzaniso, kune zvinomera, kwainoiswa. Imomo dzinotanga kumera dzoguma dzapinda mukati mematishu echirimwa.
Iyo fungus inorwisa inopfuura nemu stomata ne lenticels, ayo ari mazarure echisikigo mumiti. Iyo kunyange kazhinji ine kugona kupinda nepakati cuticle! Iwe unogonawo kupinda mukati memuriwo kuburikidza nekukuvara kuti chirimwa chiri kutaurwa chine. Izvi zvinokuvadza zvinogona kukonzerwa zvose nezvipembenene uye isu pachedu, nekusangwarira pakubata muriwo.
Kana kusvibiswa kwechirimwa kwapera, inguva yechikamu chinotevera: The incubation. Apa ndipo panotanga fungus kubuda uye kupinda mumasero emiti yezvirimwa kana nzvimbo dziri pakati pawo. Zvadaro zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinotanga kuonekwa, izvo zvinopedzisira zvichikura zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinoperekedzwa ne fruiting yefungus.
Izvo zvinomera zvinorwiswa ne cryptogamous zvipenyu zvinogona kupera simba. Mune mamwe mazwi: Vanogona kutambura nekuvharirwa kwemidziyo, necrosis yetishu, nezvimwe. Kana zvasvika pakurwisa marudzi aya ezvirwere, Fungicides inowanzoshandiswa sezvo achiwanzova fungi dzinopinda mumiti.
Pano tichataura nezvevamwe mienzaniso ye cryptogamic zvirwere zvezvirimwa, Ndine chokwadi kuti mamwe evamwe anonzwika akajairwa kwauri.
Anthracnose
Chokutanga pane zvose tine anthracnose yakakurumbira, inozivikanwawo se canker kana canker. Inowanikwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine hunyoro uye dzinopisa. Iyo fungus inokonzera chirwere ichi kazhinji ndeye genera Gloeosporium o Colletotrichum, kana kuva chikamu chemarudzi Coniothyrium fuckelii.
Anthracnose inogona kukanganisa zvirimwa zvakasiyana, kubva pamiti kusvika kune miriwo. Zvidyarwa zvakakanganiswa zvinogona kuratidza zviratidzo zvakasiyana, sezvinotevera:
- Mavara akanyura pamashizha ane chimiro chakanyorova uye ane mavara akasiyana.
- Necrosis mutsinga dzemashizha, maruva, michero uye madzinde.
- kufa uye kusvava kwematishu (semhedzisiro ye necrosis).
Nguva zhinji, anthracnose inotangisa kuoneka mukuchekwa kunogadzirwa kana kubatanidza madzinde. Inowanzotangawo kuzviratidza mumaronda anokonzerwa nekuchekerera. Saka tinofanira kungwarira pakuita mabasa aya. Kana isu tichifungidzira kuti zvidyarwa zvedu zvinogona kutapukirwa nefungidzi idzi, Tinofanira kutanga kurapwa nekukurumidza kudzora chirwere. Kuti udzivise kutaridzika kwayo, zviri nani kushandisa mbeu inopesana nemhando iyi yefungus.
Kana miriwo yedu yakatotapukirwa, tinogona kuedza marapirwo akasiyana siyana kurwisa anthracnose:
- Paradzai matishu ezvirimwa anobatwa nefungus.
- Shandisa fungicides.
- Rwisa zvipembenene uye zvipembenene zvinoparadzira rudzi urwu rwefungus.
- Mishonga yechisikigo: Isa bhiza kana nettle slurry, kana shandisa fungicides yekumba yakagadzirwa nemukaka, gariki nesoda yekubheka.
Botrytis
Imwe ye cryptogamic zvirwere zvezvirimwa ndeye Botrytis cinerea, inozivikanwawo se botrytis. Panguva ino ifungus yerudzi Botryotinia yemhuri Sclerotiniaceae. Kunyanya, mhando inokonzera chirwere ichi ndeye Botryotinia fuckeliana. Iyi fungus haingoiti zvinomera chete, asiwo mhuka uye mabhakitiriya. Hongu zvirokwazvo, muzambiringa waunonyanya kufarira.
Sezvizhinji zvefungi, njodzi yekutapukirwa inowedzera zvakanyanya kana nharaunda ichipisa uye ine mwando. Botrytis inozivikanwawo segrey mold, sezvo chimwe chezviratidzo zvayo zvakanyanya kutaridzika kwemhando yehupfu hwegreyi pachirimwa.
Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti botrytis chirwere chiri nyore kusiyanisa, chinogona kuva chakaoma kuziva pakutanga. Kuti tikubatsire nekuonekwa kwayo, tichaona pazasi zviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nefungus Botryotinia fuckeliana:
- Mashizha anoita shava opedzisira adonha
- Yakanonoka kukura kwechirimwa chakakanganisika
- Madzinde anotora chimiro chakapfava kana kuora
- Kufa uye kubvisa pamuviri kwemaruva
- Zvibereko zvinoshanduka kuita shava kana kuti zvitema zvozopedzisira zvadonha
- Kuonekwa kwechimiro chehupfu hwegreyish pamichero, mashizha uye madzinde
Mildew
Mildiu izita rakapihwa kune dzakasiyana siyana cryptogamic zvirwere zvezvirimwa. Izvo zvese izvo zvinokonzerwa nemaoomycetes emhuri Peronosporaceae. Asi chii chinonzi oomycetes? Iro zita rinoreva "egg fungi" uye ivo vanonyanya iboka revafilamentous protists vari chikamu cheboka repseudofungi. Aya mapseudofungi ndiwo marudzi ezviumbwa zvakada kufanana nefungidzi vechokwadi. Zvisinei, havana ukama navo.
Downy mildew-type cryptogamic zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa ne spores. Dzinowanzoonekwa munguva yekunaya uye nekupisa kwakanyanya, ndiko kuti, pamusoro pe25 degrees. Nemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka aya, chipembenene ichi kana chirwere chinopararira nekukurumidza. Maoomycetes anokonzera ukuru dzinokura mumichero, mumadzinde uye mukati memashizha emiti.
Tingaona sei ukuru? Chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa nekuonekwa kwemavara akasvibira akajeka anopedzisira aita yero kana kutoita shava pamusoro pemashizha. Pane kudaro, rudzi rwe greyish fuzz rinowanzoonekwa nechepasi. Somugumisiro, mashizha anooma uye pakupedzisira anodonha kubva pachirimwa. Non-ligified madzinde anogonawo kukanganiswa. rombo rakanaka varipo zvigadzirwa kurwisa chakuvhe.
Pakati pezvirwere zvekuvhuvha, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye plasmopara viticola, iyo inowanzorwisa muzambiringa. Mamwe marudzi akajairika ndiwo peronospora farinosa, iyo inonyanya kukanganisa sipinachi; the P. manshurica, iyo inonyanya kubata soya beans; nezvimwe zvinokuvadza miriwo yakasiyana yakaita sembatatisi, matomatisi, hanyanisi, lettuce nezvimwe. Mune chimwe chezvinhu izvi, goho regoho rakaderera zvikuru.
powdery mildew
Imwe ye cryptogamic zvirwere zvezvirimwa inofanirawo kusimbiswa: powdery mildew, inozivikanwawo se powdery mildew. Panguva ino, fungus inokonzera pathology ndiyo Uncinula necator. Sezvo chirwere ichi chichikura, mashizha emiriwo yakakanganiswa anoshanduka yero uye pakupedzisira anooma. Zvisinei, zviratidzo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvizvi:
- White kana grey coating madota, iyo inovhara mashizha.
- Kuonekwa kwemavara machena anoita seguruva.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kutariswa powdery mildew Ndiyo nzvimbo yeMediterranean. Ikoko zvese zvinodikanwa zvebudiriro yakakwana yefungus zvinosangana: Tembiricha yakaderera, hunyoro hwepamusoro, mhepo isina kusimba, mweya wakareruka, mwero wemwenje wakaderera, uye yakawandisa nitrogen. Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinofambisa kupararira kwe powdery mildew.
Patakangoona zviratidzo zvekutanga zve powdery mildew, Mashizha ane utachiona anofanira kubviswa nokukurumidza. Mukuwedzera, zviri nyore kwazvo kuvandudza aeration yechirimwa uye munda wemichero muzhinji. Nokuda kweizvi tinogona kushandisa kuchekerera miriwo uye kubvisa zvimwe zvirimwa, muchiitiko chekuti density yakakwira. Kana tikasatora matanho, iyo powdery mildew icharamba ichienderera mberi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukura kwechirimwa kunononoka uye mashizha anoshanduka kutsvuka uye kufa.
Kana zvasvika pakurwisa fungus iyi, kune akati wandei kupfapfaidza mishonga kuti tinogona kuisa pamashizha. Ndiwo anotevera:
- Shandisa hafu ye litre yemukaka wakapfava pamarita masere ega ega emvura. Kurapa uku kunoshanda zvikuru.
- Dilute 75 milliliters ehydrogen peroxide mumatita mashanu emvura.
- Sarufa: Tinogona kuishandisa mumvura ine mvura yekupfapfaidza kana hupfu inopihwa nemvuto. Zvechokwadi, haifaniri kumboshandiswa panguva yemaruva.
Iyi yave iri mienzaniso mishoma yezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvekriptogamic zvirwere zvezvirimwa. Kune akawanda akawanda uye kukurumidza kuzivikanwa kwayo ndicho chinhu chikuru pakukwanisa kuchengetedza chirimwa.