Kune zvirwere izvo, kazhinji, zvinorwisa nhevedzano yezvirimwa izvo zvakafanana kuti imhuri, izvo zvinoda mamwe mamiriro akafanana, nezvimwe. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvirwere zvinonyanya kujeka uye zvinongorwisa mamwe marudzi. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika ne graphiosis. Ichi chirwere chiri kukanganisa zvakanyanya elm vanhu (Ulmus mudiki). Chirwere ichi chakatanga kuoneka mukutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri uye chakaratidza kuve chimwe chezvirwere zvemusango chiri kukuvadza zvakanyanya kuvanhu ve elm.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza mabviro eiyo graphiosis, zvinokanganisa chii uye kuti inoedza sei kubvisa.
Kwakatangira graphiosis
Chirwere ichi chakasvika kuIberian Peninsula nekutanga kuputika kukuru mukutanga kwema80. Uku kuputika kwakange kusingatarisirwe uye pakanga pasina chekudzivirira. Chirwere ichi chaisanyanyo kuzivikanwa, sezvo chakange chisati chamboitika mu peninsula kare. Saka, graphiosis yakatora hupenyu hwenhamba hombe yezvikwiriso.
Chirwere ichi chinoparadzirwa netupukanana unova mutakuri mukuru. Vanhu vazhinji vakakwanisa kunyora zvipembenene izvi vachiedza kuendesa chirwere kubva pamuti mumwe kuenda kune mumwe. Aya madiki madhiri anowanzozivikanwa seelm borer. Aya macoleopterans anogara pamabhureki ayo ari akapfava uye anowanzo kuruma kuti apinze sosi. Sezvineiwo, neichi chiito vari kukuvadza miti.
Pamusoro pezvo, hadzi inowanzoisa mazai panzvimbo iri pakati pehuku nehunde. Kuti vaite izvi, ivo vanofanirwa kugadzira mabara. Kana iwo mudiki apfuura danho repuputi, tupuka tudiki twunobhururuka kubva pamuti kuenda kumuti, kutakura iyo spores yefungus inokonzera chirwere chinozivikanwa segraphiosis.
Mhando yefungus inokonzera chirwere ichi ichokwadi chinotapukira chinomiririra. Iyo fungus Ceratocystis ulmi. Iyo fungus ine semi-chisvetasimba hunhu hunogadzira iyo mycelium munzvimbo iyo inoitisa ngarava kuburikidza neiyo elm sap inotenderera iripo. Nenzira iyi, mycelium inopinda chikamu chese che xylem uye inoguma ichiparadza midziyo inotenderera muto. Izvi zvinoita kuti kutakurwa kwemvura uye zvinovaka muviri mumuti wese zvikanganiswe. Semhedzisiro, zviratidzo zvekutanga ndezvekuti mukati mematavi unoonekwa nemitsara uye nerima mavara mavara
Zviratidzo uye kutaridzika kweakaremara elms
Kuti uone kana iyo elm yakakuvara ne graphiosis, chimiro chinorwara chinogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama. Uine rumwe ruvara rweyero, unogona kuona mamwe matavi anooma, mamwe akakotama, mashizha akasvava, nezvimwe Ndokunge, kutaridzika kwakawanda kunogona kuonekwa kuti muti wacho hauna kumira zvakanaka.
Uku kutaridzika kusina hutano kunonyanya kubva mukuvharirwa kwemidziyo inoitisa uye chepfu yemashizha. Aya ndiwo maitiro, nekufamba kwenguva, chirwere chinopedzisira chauraya elm zvachose.
Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvechirwere mumakumbo zvinowanzoonekwa pakupera kwaJune uye kusvika pakati paJuly. Mune ino kesi, tinogona kuona kuti mashizha anotanga kuoma nekuda kwechirwere. Kazhinji, panguva ino yegore, iyo elm inofanirwa kunge iri mune yakanaka mamiriro nekuda kweanonyanya kutonhora tembiricha yekutanga kwezhizha. Senguva dzose, mashizha acho anotsvuka mukati mezhizha. Zvisinei, izvi hazviite kuti vadonhe pamuti. Ivo vanochengetwa pamuti kusvika kupera kwezhizha, sezvo ivo vachiwana yakawanda yero toni. Ndipo panouya matsutso pavanowa.
Kunyangwe iko kusununguka kwekuziva zviratidzo zvegraphiosis, zvinonetsa kuwana zvipembenene zvinopfuudza. Izvo zvipembenene zvehukuru hudiki kwazvo, chete 5 mm kana zvishoma. Imwe yenhanho dzinoyedzwa kuitwa kumisa zvipembenene izvi kuisa matepi ekunamatira kuti dzibate. Kuve vehukuru hwakadai, pavanoenda kumazai kuisa mazai avo, vanozonamira pamwe chete vasingakwanise kuendesa chirwere ichi kune fungus.
Mazhinji elm miti akave nemakwati abviswa kuti aongororwe mukati uye mhedzisiro izere gallery yematanneti akaitwa nemabete kuburikidza nehuni dzese dzemuti.
Nzira yekubvisa sei graphiosis
Kuongorora nekutsvagisa chirwere ichi, zvirongwa zvakasiyana siyana zvinofanirwa kuitwa umo kudzora kwehutsanana kunoitwa pane zvinhu zveelm izvo zvinogona kukanganisika. Kurapa nemishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kushanda senzira yekubatsira matete asingakwanise kufura. Mukutanga kwemaXNUMX, mushonga wezvipembenene DDT wakashandiswa. Nekuona kuti yaive ine chepfu sei uye chii chakashatisa zvese mvura nevhu, zvakagadziriswa kuisiya. Izvi zvakakonzera mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakanyanya kushandiswa inonzi methoxychlor. Ndiyo mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshanda zvakanyanya pazvinodzivirira nyuchi kubva pakudya.
Methoxychlor ine hunhu hwakanaka husina kukuvadza zvakanyanya nharaunda. Iyo haina chepfu kune shiri kana zvipuka, haina kuunganidzwa mune mafuta matishu uye, kupfuura zvese, yakadzvanywa neisina-chepfu metabolism. Iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara zvakanyanya kune iyo aquaculture fauna, saka zvinodikanwa kuti uchenjere nekushandisa methoxychlor munzvimbo dziri padyo nemhando dzemvura, sezvo zvingava zvinouraya kwavari.
Imwe yemaitiro anokurudzirwa ekudzivirira kufa kweiyo elm, ndeyekuti isu hatigone matavi mumwaka wemaruva. Panguva idzodzo, muti unonyanya kutambura uye chirwere chinogona kuuuraya. Masayendisiti ari kuyedza kuwana kusanganiswa kana kuumbiwa kweiyo elm iyo inogona kuramba rudzi urwu rwechirwere kuti varege kuramba vachifa uye izvi zvinotungamira mukutsakatika kwavo.
Sezvauri kuona, graphiosis inogona kunge iri chirwere chinouraya cheems uye inopararira nezvipembenene zvatisingakwanise kuona. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvazvo.