Iyo biosphere inoenderana neanoverengeka biogeochemical macircule ayo akakosha mukuita kwakakodzera kwehupenyu. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine iyo kabhoni kutenderera iyo inovimbisa kuyerera kwekugara kwehutano hwezvipenyu. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine iyo kutenderera kwe nitrogen. Zvese zvipenyu zvinoenderana neiyi biogeochemical kutenderera yekukura uye kukura.
Naizvozvo, isu tichaisa iyi chinyorwa kukuudza zvese hunhu uye kukosha kweiyo nitrogen kutenderera.
Chii chinonzi nitrogen kutenderera
Ndicho seti yemakemikari uye ehupenyu maitiro ayo anotendera kupa zvipenyu zvine nitrogen mukusimudzira kwavo. Kune akasiyana matura, nhanho uye ine kukosha kukuru kune hupenyu hwevanhu pano. Sezvakaita nekotoni kutenderera, kune masosi ekubuda kwechinhu ichi uye sosi yekumwa. Iyo yepasi rose nitrogen chiyero inofanira kunge yakagadzikana kuti zvinhu zvishande nemazvo. Sezvo vanhu vari kukonzera kukanganisa kwakasiyana siyana kwenzvimbo pasirese, ino nitrogen kutenderera iri kukanganiswa zvakanyanya.
Pakati pehunhu hwatinoona hweiyi biogeochemical kutenderera tinoona mavambo ayo. Inotangira mukugadzirwa kweatomic nuclei nyowani, isiri-yesimbi makemikari zvinhu mune gaseous mamiriro. Kutenderera uku kunozviratidza kune akasiyana organic uye inorganic makemikari mafomu. Kushanda kwezvinhu izvi kunotanga kubva pakurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi ayo inobvumira kugadzira amino acids, DNA uye mapuroteni. Nekuda kwechimiro ichi, iyo nitrogen kutenderera inoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwezvirimwa uye mumatumbu ezvisikwa.
Sezvo iyi biogeochemical kutenderera yakakosha mukusimudzira kwehupenyu, isu tinofanirwa kudzidza kuichengetedza.
Nitrogen matura pasirese pasirese
Tichaongorora kuti ndeapi matangi enitrogen akatenderedza nyika. Chikamu chekutanga cheidziva iri mhepo. Kuvapo kwe nitrogen mumhepo i78% uye ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda iyi mhepo yemhepo. Kunyangwe nitrogen iri inert uye isingaite chero mhando yekuita pamwe nemamwe magasi, inozadzisa basa rayo mune izvi zvese.
Icho chikamu chegungwa re nitrogen chinowanikwa mumatombo sedimentary. Pane huwandu hwe21% senitrogen yakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasikwa uye ikagoverwa mumakungwa ese. Ngatisakanganwe kuti muhupenyu hwemumvura nitrogen inodikanwa zvakare kuti ikwanise kukura nemazvo. Kune zvakawanda zvipenyu zvinoda nitrogen mumazuva avo ezuva nezuva kuti vakwanise kuzadzikisa mabasa avo.
Chikamu chekupedzisira chegungwa re nitrogen ndiwo ma microorganisms. Tupukanana turi kupinda senitrogen kutenderera zvinogadzirisa, nitrifiers uye zvinodzikisira. Zvigadziriso ndezve izvo zvinogadzirisa nitrogen mumuviri wako mune mumwe muviri. Nitrifiers ndeavo vanodya nitrogen sechikamu cheyakasara yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Vanoshoresa ndeavo vanobvisa nitrogen semhedzisiro yemamwe makemikari anoita.
Zvikamu zveiyo nitrogen kutenderera
Nitrogen inochinja mune ese mativi ayo eiyo kutenderera. Mukati meiyo nitrogen kutenderera tinowana dzakasiyana nhanho umo gasi iri rinotora kune imwe kukosha kana imwe. Ngationgororei kuti ndeapi makuru matanho enitrogen kutenderera:
- Kugadziriswa: Muchikamu chino, nitrogen yemuchadenga inowanikwa nezvose zvipenyu zvinogona kuishandisa nenzira yeabiootic. Nzira yeabiootic ndiyo isina hupenyu, senge simba remagetsi riri mumheni uye mwaranzi yepasi. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine biotic nzira, inova iyo chikamu iyo iyo nitrogen inowanikwa kubva kune zvidiki zviripo muvhu.
- Kufananidzwa: panguva ino chikamu nitrate anomira. Pano zvirimwa zvinoita basa rakakosha. Nitrate inoderedzwa kuita nitrite mu cytoplasm yemasero emiti. Izvi zvinosanganisirwa kuburikidza nemidzi yezvirimwa. Izvi zvipenyu zvinoshandisa nitrogen sechikafu kuitira kuti ikure uye ibereke.
- Amoniification: Icho chikamu cheiyo nitrogen kutenderera uko nitrogen inoshandurwa kuita ammonium ion nekuda kwekuita kweaerobic microorganisms.
- Nitrification: Icho chikamu cheichi chiitiko chinosanganisira yehupenyu oxidation yeammonia neaerobic microorganisms. Nitrification inobvumira iyo ammonia nitrogen kudzoka muvhu kuti ishandiswe nezvirimwa mu nitric.
- Kufambisa: iyo inopesana maitiro kune nitrification.
- Denitrification: iyo inopesana nedanho rekugadzirisa. Mune ino kesi, kufema kweanaerobic (mukushaikwa kwe oxygen) ndiko kunodzosera nitrogen kumhepo uye nitrate yakanyungudutswa mumvura. Denitrification chikamu chekupedzisira cheiyo nitrogen kutenderera uko zvese zvinodzokera kwazviri kutanga.
Kukosha
Chekupedzisira, tichaongorora kukosha kweiyo nitrogen kutenderera kweiyo kukura kwehupenyu sekuziva kwedu. Sezvatakambotaura, iyo nitrogen kutenderera yakakosha zvakanyanya kuzvinhu zvipenyu uye ichagara ichishandiswa nehupenyu. Izvo zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kweDNA, amino acids, mapuroteni uye nucleic acids. Izvo zvakare inova chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira uye negoho rekurima. Ngatisakanganwe kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwefetiraiza hunoshandiswa mukurima kukurumidza kukura kwezvirimwa hwakagadzirwa nenitrogen.
Kutenderera uku kunosanganisira kufamba kwese kwe nitrogen kubva mudenga, uko chinhu ichi chakanyanya kuwanda, uye biosphere, kunova ndiko kunogara zvinhu zvese zvipenyu. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti zviitiko zvevanhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa iyo nitrogen kutenderera. Tichifunga nezvezviito zvinoshoresa zviri kutora nzvimbo nhasi, zvimwe zviitiko zvakaita seizvi zvinokanganiswa: kurima zvakanyanya, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweinitrogen fetiraiza muvhu, kutema miti, kurasira kana kirimu yemafuta ane nitrogen, magetsi emagetsi uye zvimwe zviitiko.
Zvese izvi zviitiko zvevanhu zviri kuburitsa kwakakanganisa kwakasiyana pane iyo nitrogen kutenderera uye inounza matambudziko senge kusvibiswa, acid mvura uye kuwedzera kwe greenhouse maitiro.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nitrogen kutenderera uye kukosha kwayo.