Kune akawanda matavi uye zvikamu mukati meiyo biology, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu uye kukosha. Imwe yacho microbiology, Kutenda kwatakawana budiriro zhinji dzakakosha musainzi uye kunyanya mukurapa. Nekudaro, ruzivo rwevanhu runoramba rwakaganhurirwa mune iyi nyaya. Naizvozvo, zvitsva zvinowanikwa zvinogara zvichigadzirwa.
Kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji vachibatanidza hutachiona nezvirwere zvinokonzera chirwere muvanhu nemhuka, chokwadi ndechekuti hatikwanise kurarama tisina tupukanana tusingawanzo. Uye zvakare, isu tinovashandisa kunyangwe padanho reindasitiri. Muchikamu chino ticha taura nezve microbiology, tichitsanangura kuti chii uye kutumidza mhando dzese dziripo. Uye zvakare, isu tinoda kunzwisisa kukosha kwekushandisa kwesainzi iyi kuvanhu. Kana iwe uchifarira musoro wenyaya, ramba uchiverenga.
Chii chinonzi microbiology?
Mukati me biology pane matavi mazhinji anodzidza akasiyana mafiro eboka rakakura iri. Imwe yeavo sainzi microbiology. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzeresa kudzidza uye kuongororwa kwehutachiona. Nekuti iri bazi rebiology rinotarisa zvakanyanya pazvirwere zvevanhu, rinowanzoenderana nezvikamu mukati memushonga, senge immunology, epidemiology, uye pathology.
Kunyangwe hazvo zivo yatinayo nhasi nekuda kwehutachiona hwakawanda kwazvo, pachine zvinhu zvakawanda zvekuziva nekuziva. Zviwanikwa zvitsva zvinogara zviri mune sainzi iyi uye hazvishamise, nekuti maererano nekufungidzira, parizvino chete 1% yeiyo ma microorganisms ari mu biosphere akaongororwa. Ndicho chikonzero ichi kuti microbiology ichiri mudiki, kunyangwe hazvo hutachiona hwekutanga hwakawanikwa makore mazana matatu apfuura. Asi tichienzanisa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu senge botani, zoology kana entomology, microbiology yakangobvisa chete.
Microorganisms
Asi chii chinonzi microorganisms? Izvo zvipenyu zvidiki zvisingaonekwe nemeso emunhu. Rimwe zita ravanozivikanwa naro ndere "microbes." Saka tinogona kutaura kuti microbiology ndiyo sainzi inodzidza zvipenyu zvinogona kungoonekwa kuburikidza nemicroscope: yakapusa prokaryotic uye eukaryotic zvipenyu.
Utachiona hunogona kugadzirwa nesero rimwe chete, nokudaro richiva unicellular, kana mashoma maseru akaunganidzwa akaumbwa nemasero akaenzana, saka panenge pasisina musiyano wesero. Izvi zvinogona kuve eukaryotic kana prokaryotic. Muchiitiko chekutanga, maseru ane envelopu, senge fungi. Kune rimwe divi, ma prokaryotes haana envelopu iyi, inova nyaya yebhakitiriya. Kunyange zvakadaro, microbiologists anga achinyanya kutarisana nepathogenic microorganisms inowanikwa pakati pebhakitiriya, mavairasi, uye fungi. Humwe hutachiona hwakasiiwa kune mamwe matavi ebiology, senge parasitology.
Ndedzipi mhando dze microbiology?
Nekuti iri rakakura kwazvo munda, kune akawanda marudzi e microbiology umo vadzidzi vanogona kugona. Tiri kuzoona zvavari uye zvavari.
Microbial physiology
Muchiitiko che microbial physiology, inodzidziswa, padanho rezvemakemikari, kushanda kwemasero emakemikari. Izvi zvinosanganisira metabolism, mutemo wayo uye kukura. Rudzi urwu rwe microbiology rwakabatana zvakanyanya ne microbial genetics.
Microbial genetics
Iri bazi rinodzidza mutemo uye kurongeka kwemajini emajemusi. Uye zvakare, inoongororawo kuti magene aya anoronga sei mashandiro emasero. Microbial genetics inowirirana zvakanyanya nema molecular biology.
Kurapa microbiology
Sezvo isu tichigona kufungidzira, yekurapa microbiology iri mukutarisira kwekufunda iwo ma microbes ayo kukonzera chirwere muvanhu, pathogenesis, kurapwa uye kutapurirana. Nekuda kweizvi, rudzi urwu rwe microbiology rwakakosha kwazvo kune mamwe sainzi senge mushonga, pharmacology, epidemiology uye, hongu, hutano hweveruzhinji.
Veterinary microbiology
Kufanana nerudzi rwekare, veterinary microbiology inoongorora hutachiona hunokonzera hosha, asi panguva ino yemhuka. Inotarisa zvakanyanya kuma microorganisms anokanganisa mhuka dzinovaraidza uye mhuka dzehupfumi, senge hwai, nguruve, mbudzi, huku, nezvimwe.
Zvakatipoteredza microbiology
Kana tichitaura nezve microbiology yezvakatipoteredza, isu tinoreva sainzi inodzidza misiyano uye chinzvimbo chehutachiona munzvimbo dzawo dzechisikigo. Iri bazi rinosanganisira geomicrobiology, bioremediation, microbial diversity, uye microbial ecology.
Evolutionary microbiology
Sezvaunogona kufungidzira zvechokwadi, iyi sainzi inodzidza shanduko yema microorganisms, kusanganisira taxonomy uye systematics yebhakitiriya.
Maindasitiri microbiology
Zvakare padanho reindasitiri pane mhando yehutachiona. Uyu ndiye anotarisira kudzidza kushandiswa kwehutachiona maererano nekushandiswa kwavo mune dzakasiyana maindasitiri maitiro. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
- Kugadzirwa kwechikafu senge chezi, yogati, nezvimwe.
- Kugadzirwa kwehupenyu, senge majekiseni kana antidotes.
- Kuchenesa tsvina.
- Maindasitiri kuvirisa kuitira kuti uwane zvinwiwa zvinodhaka.
Iyi sainzi yakabatana zvakanyanya ne biotechnology, nekuti kugadzirwa kweimwe yakatarwa microbial metabolites inowedzeredzwa kuburikidza nemajini ekugadzira mahunyanzvi, zvese zvehupfumi, hongu. Aya ndiwo maitiro anowanikwa maantibayoti, mavitamini, organic acids uye amino acids, pakati pevamwe.
Chikafu microbiology
Nezve chikafu, ongororo dzinoitwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona dzinoshanda kwazvo. Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa murabhoritari ndiyo chikamu chakaomarara pane ese maitiro ekuongorora.
Utsanana microbiology
Hutano microbiology zvidzidzo utachiona hunokanganisa nekukanganisa chikafu, kana nenzira dzavanokwanisa kutapurira zvirwere kuvanhu vanovadya.
Zvekurima microbiology
Dzimwe tupukanana, kunyanya fungi uye hutachiona, inowanikwa muvhu rinoshandiswa kumeresa miti yehupfumi hwehupfumi. Iyo sainzi inovafunda pamwe nekubatana kwavo kunobatsira ndeyekurima microbiology.
Phytopathology
Nezve bhotani, phytopathology ndiko kudzidza pane zvirimwa zvirwere. Mazhinji ma microorganisms akadai sehutachiona, bhakitiriya, fungi kana nematode anogona kukanganisa michero.
Microbial ecology
Nezve microbial ecology, inodzidza hunhu hwevanhu hutachiona kana uchitaurirana munzvimbo imwechete. Kuti vaite izvi, vanogadzira hukama hwehukama neumwe neumwe.
Dzidziso dzakabatana uye madiki-ekuraira
Kunze kwemhando dze microbiologies dziripo, kune mamwe madhiri angave ane hukama kana ari chikamu chesainzi iyi. Heino runyorwa rwavo:
- Bacteriology: Dzidza ma prokaryotes, ayo ari mabhakitiriya uye archaea. Inosanganisira Mycobacteriology.
- Phycology: Kudzidza algae uye microalgae. Iyo inonziwo "algology."
- Mycology: Dzidza howa.
- Micropaleontology: Dzidza microfossils.
- Palynology: Dzidza mukume uye spores.
- Protozoology: Dzidza iyo protozoa.
- Virology: Kudzidza hutachiona.
Chii chiri kushandiswa kwe microbiology?
Kunyangwe iri padanho rezvipembenene zvidiki zvaiwanzobatanidzwa chete nezvirwere zvevanhu nezvezvipfuyo, nhasi tinoziva kuti hutachiona hwehutachiona hunomiririra yakaderera kwazvo muzana yehuwandu. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yehutachiona hwakanaka uye yakakosha kwatiri uye ecosystems, senge mabhakitiriya anorarama achienzanirana mudumbu medu. Pasina ivo hatingazogaye.
Kunze kwemabasa akakosha avanoita muhupenyu hwedu, zvidiki zvinoshandiswa zvakare mukugadzira kugadzira, semuenzaniso, zvinwiwa zvinodhaka, yogati kana mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kukosha kwayo mukutsvagisa kwehupenyu kwakaitwa pasi rese. Pakati pavo pane protein kugadzirwa uye gene kuumbika.
Sezvo iri saenzi yakasarudzika, ruzivo rwe microbiological rwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinoverengeka:
- Kurapa microbiology
- Immunology
- Ecological microbiology
- Zvekurima microbiology
- Biotechnology
Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakakosha kune mhando yehupenyu hwatiri kurarama parizvino. Chii chimwe, mazhinji esainzi aya angadai asina kumbofambira mberi dai zvisiri zvema microbiologist.
Kukosha nhasi
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, microbiology yakaita mupiro wakakosha kune zvese biology nemushonga. Kunyanya maererano neminda ye genetics, cell biology uye biochemistry. Mhedzisiro yesainzi iyi yakave yakanaka kwazvo, ichifambisa mishonga mitsva yekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana siyana zvevanhu nemhuka. Asi hazvina kukanganisa nyika yehutano chete, asiwo mune mamwe matunhu akaita seindasitiri yezvokudya. Kutenda kuongororo dzakaitwa pane zvidiki mune zvekurima, zvinokwanisika kurwisa tupukanana tupukanana kudzivirira kuderera kwehuwandu uye mhando yezvirimwa.
Mukupedzisa tinogona kutaura kuti microbiology sainzi yakakosha kukosha nhasi. Nekuda kwayo tinogona kudya zvimwe zvekudya uye kurapa akawanda marwere uye hutachiona nemishonga. Saka tinogona kufara kuti tupukanana turipo, nekuti mashoma kwazvo acho anotikuvadza. Ndinovimba chinyorwa ichi chabvisa kusahadzika kwako kwese nezvebazi rezvinhu zvipenyu.