Isu tese takadya mazambiringa pane imwe nguva uye tataura nezve chirimwa chinozviburitsa, iwo muzambiringa. Zvisinei, zvechokwadi hauzive zvizere zvese zvaro uye hunhu.
Muzambiringa chirimwa chinotumbuka, ndiko kuti, angiosperm, inova yekirasi yemadhikisi, kubva pasikasi ine maruva akareruka (choripetalae), Asi muboka rine calyx uye corolla (Dyalypetalae), ndiko kuti, epamberi. Zita rayo resainzi ndi Vitis Vinifera. Iwe unoda kuziva zvese nezve ichi chirimwa?
Muzambiringa morphology
Muzambiringa ndewe kurongeka kwezvirimwa zvine huni, saka kazhinji zvine hupenyu hwakareba. Zviri nyore kuwana muzambiringa unopfuura makore zana ekuberekwa. Nguva yake yehudiki inosanganisira pakati pemakore matatu kusvika mashanu, saka zvakare zvakareba kuva muti wehuni kwete muti. Munguva yehudiki hwayo haigone kuburitsa maruva.
Imwe yeakakosha hunhu hwemuzambiringa ndeyekuti une midzi midzi inovapo pamusoro pemakore uye inobatsira kuongorora nzvimbo isina ruzivo rwakadzama kupfuura rweuswa. Nekuti hunde yawo, matavi, matavi uye epigeal zvishandiso tora nguva yakareba kukuraKana chirimwa ichi chikatambura nekukuvara kupi nekupi, hachigone kuvandudzwa zvakareruka sekunge chirimwa chemuti wakasvuuka.
Iko kudiwa kwekuichengeta iri mhenyu munguva yechando kana nguva yekusanaya kunoita kuti zvirimwa zvine huni zvinyanye kudikanwa maererano nemamiriro ekunze nekubereka, saka hazvigare zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kana padhuze padyo nematanda kana mumarenje sezvinoita huswa.
Nhengo uye mabasa
Sekuziva kwedu, kuburikidza nemidzi iyo michero inozvisimbisa uye inosanganisa chikafu chakakosha kugadzira uye kugona kuita photosynthesis. Hunde nematavi emuzambiringa ndiyo mota dzinotakura hunyoro hwakakosha uye munyu wemamineral kumuti wese. Shizha, mune ino kesi, ndiyo nhengo yakakosha kwazvo yemuzambiringa, sezvo ivo vari ivo mutariri wekushandura iyo mbishi mbishi kuita sapfu yakagadziriswa uye, mukuwedzera, ivo vari mukutungamira kwekuita kwakakosha mabasa echirimwa: kufema, kufema uye photosynthesis. Kutenda kumashizha, muzambiringa unogona kuumba mamorekuru eacids uye neshuga kubva kuokisijeni nemvura. Aya mamorekuru anoungana mutsanga yemuzambiringa uye ndizvo zvinoupa hunhu hwayo.
Chlorophyll ine basa rekutora mwaranzi yezuva uye simba rakaringana kuita zvese zviitiko zvakakosha kumuti.
Kuibva kwamazambiringa
Mumwedzi waKurume, apo kupisa kunotanga kucherechedzwa, sosi inotanga kufamba uye izvo zvinonzi "kuchema" kwemuzambiringa zvinogadzirwa, izvo zvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nemuchero. Pakutanga, michero inozadzwa neklorophyll uye ine ruvara rwegirini. Kana muzambiringa wakasvibira uye usati waibva, une huwandu hwakawanda hwetartaric, malic uye mamwe macitrus acids.
Kuti mazambiringa agadzire maasidhi anodikanwa kuti ave nekunaka kwakanaka, mamiriro echiedza, tembiricha, mwaranzi yezuva, uye hunyoro zvinofanirwa kukwana. Kana muzambiringa washandura ruvara, inonzi veraison. Kana iine ruvara rwakasimba rwegirinhi nekuti rwakazara neklorophyll, inozoshanduka kuita yero, kana mhando yemazambiringa iri chena, uye inozotsvuka, kana mhando yacho yakatsvuka.
Sezvo muzambiringa unokura, maasidhi avaive nawo ari kudzikisa kusungika kwavo uye neshuga inouya kubva mukuita kwakapenga kunoitwa nemashizha neiyo photosynthesis maitiro anowedzera. Imwe nhengo yemuzambiringa iyo inopa mazambiringa kutapira ndiko hunde. Naizvozvo, muzambiringa wakura kwazvo unokwanisa kugadzira mazambiringa anotapira uye nenzira yakajairika.
Kupinda zvakazara muchero, zvinodikanwa kuita kupatsanurwa kwekutanga pakati peiyo "gunde", kana chikamu chine huni chinoumba furu yeboka uye tsanga yemazambiringa. Tsanga (zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndiwo muzambiringa pachawo) wakakamurwa kuita ganda, pulp nembeu.
Kune avo vanofarira waini, vanofanirwa kuziva kuti iro ganda (rinodaidzwawo kuti ganda) ndiro rine chikamu chikuru chemavara nezvinonhuwirira zvazova muwaini. Mu pulp mune izvo zvakakosha zvinhu zvekufanirwa (Chaizvoizvo mvura neshuga) uye izvo, kuburikidza nekuvira, zvinoshandurwa kuita waini. Iwo mapipi kana mhodzi anowanikwa mukati mepurpfu uye anosiyana zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana, kutowana mazambiringa arimo. Ivo vane yakaoma kwazvo dura uye vanopa matanini kune waini.
Miti yemizambiringa
Vitis Labrusca: Labruscoideae americanae akateedzana; semuenzaniso, Isabel mazambiringa anobva kune iyi mhando.
Vitis Rupestris: Cave series. Pakutanga kubva kune semi-yakaoma alluvial nyika, yakapa kukwira kune akawanda masisitimu emidzi.
Riparia Vitis: Ripariae akateedzana. Pakutanga kubva kumatunhu anotonhorera zvakanyanya, zvakapa kumera mizhinji uye mazambiringa ewaini (yakanangana kuburitsa mahybrids).
Vitis Berlandieri: Cinerascentes akateedzana. Native kumatunhu akaoma uye ivhu rine calcareous; yanga iri transcendental yebumbiro remidzi yemidziyo inopokana neklorosis uye kuoma.
Vitis Vinifera: ndiwo muzambiringa wakajairika.
Mamiriro ekunze anoda kukura kwakanaka
Sezvambotaurwa, muzambiringa unoenderana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze awanowanikwa. Munzvimbo dzine makomo mazhinji tinogona kuwana minda yemizambiringa chete kusvika kune yakati rebei, sezvo isingakure zvakanyanya. Mamiriro ekunze anoisa miganho yekukwirira.
Kureba uye latitude miganhu dzakapfuura zvakanyanya munzvimbo zhinji, sezvo nzvimbo dzine hunyanzvi hwekudyara dzakadzidzwa uye dzinoiswa panzvimbo dzakatsiga zvakanaka. Kuti muzambiringa uve budiriro yakavimbiswa, inofanirwa kugadziridzwa munzvimbo dzisinganaye mazaya echando uye hadzikanganise huwandu hweshuga yemuti.
Kana tembiricha yakadzika kwazvo ikasvika muchando, muzambiringa unogona kuramba kusvika -20 ° C. Kana ikaburitswa netembiricha yakaderera, yaizokuvara zvakanyanya. Kana nguva yekuratidzira iri pfupi, kukuvara kudiki senge necrosis ye medulla uye diaphragm yaizoitika. Nekudaro, kana iyo nguva yekuratidzwa kune yakaderera tembiricha ingadai iri kufa kwemabukira pane rimwe gore-gore nhungirwa.
Senzira inoshandiswa pakurwisa chando tine mhute yekuisira uye yekudiridza yekusasa. Yechipiri inoshanda chaizvo asi inodhura zvakanyanya, kunyangwe kuiswa kwacho kuchishandiswa kupokana nechando, sekudiridza kwezhizha uye senzira yekudzora maparasiti.
Fetereza yepashure
Fetereza yepazasi yemuzambiringa inovavarira kupfumisa ivhu kune kumwe kudzika. Izvo zvinovaka muviri izvo zvinosungirwa mari nehomwe ndeizvi: phosphorus, potasium uye organic chinhu. Kana pasi pacho paiswa urume kune kumwe kudzika, hapana basa rakadzama rinogona kuitwa zvakare.
Mushure mekugadzira manyowa, huwandu hwakawanda hwemanyowa hunopihwa (kana zvichibvira kusvika kumatoni makumi mashanu emupfudze pahekita). Iyo yakakurudzirwa dosi yephosphorus akakomberedza mazana matanhatu emakirogiramu pahekita uye phosphorus, inogona kuve yakakwira kwazvo, kana iri nyaya yevhu ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuchengetedza potasium, kana diki kwazvo, kana ivhu rakasununguka: 200-2000 kg pahekita.
Nzira yekuisa sei munda wemizambiringa
Kazhinji, panosvika chirimo ndipo panotorwa manyowa enitrogen, ayo akaunganidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Manyowa anofanirwa kuiswa munguva yechando. Kusangana kwezhizha nemichero ine nitrogen kunowedzera hura uye kunowedzera iyo nitrogen yezvinyorwa, izvo zvisingafungidzirwe.
Kana muzambiringa usina kukwana kwakaringana kwezvibereko, unogona kuratidza zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvekushomeka senge:
Kushaya nitrogen: Kana muzambiringa uchinge usisina nitrogen, une ruvara rwegirinhi rwakajeka pamashizha uye mapaundi acho akatsvuka. Pasina nitrogen yakakwana, muzambiringa unozounza matambudziko ekubereka. Inowanzooneka muchirimo.
Kushaikwa kwe potassium: Mashizha eapical anoita mutsvuku uye yero. Kana potasium ikashaikwa, pane kunonoka mukukura. Uku kushomeka kunowanzoonekwa muna Chikumi.
Kushaya magnesium: Yero-tsvuku mimvuri inoonekwa pakati pemitsipa. Inowanzooneka mushure mekugadzwa kwemichero uye panguva yekuibva, kunyanya pamashizha epasi. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa panogona kuve nekuomeswa kweiyo rachis uye kusimba kwekusakura mune zvakawandisa.
Kushomeka kwesimbi: Kazhinji inoonekwa muchirimo kusvika Chikumi. Zvinogona kukonzera kudonha kwemaruva uye kuvapo kweimwe tsanga diki dzinoderedza kubereka.
Kushaya kweBoron: Iyo yero kana tsvuku mosaic inoonekwa pamashizha, iyo granular limb, yakamonerwa shizha pamucheto, hunhu deformations uye kudzikisira muhukuru hwemashizha. Zvinoitika muna Chivabvu.
Miti yemizambiringa yakakura muSpain
Airen: Ndiwo mazambiringa akawandisa eLa Mancha machena mazambiringa uye iyo ine yakanyanya huwandu weiyo monovarietal waini pasirese.
Albarino: Iyo inogadzirwa kunyanya pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic yeGalicia. Chaizvoizvo kwenzvimbo dzinotonhora uye dzinonyorova.
mwari: Inorimwa muValdeorras, mudunhu reOrense.
Macabeo-Viura: Mhando dzakasiyana dzemhando yepamusoro yeRioja vachena, pamwe nemavha.
Muscatel: Chaizvoizvo inogadzirwa nemistela. Inorimwa kunyanya muValencian Nharaunda, Cádiz, Málaga uye yepakati bheseni reEbro.
Palomino: Ndiyo quintessential dzakasiyana siyana dzeJerez. Orense, León uye Valladolid mamwe mapurovhinzi panokurirwa Palomino.
Paviri: Inokura munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeCatalonia. Inoita semuzambiringa unowedzerana mukuwedzeredzwa kwemacavas.
Peter Jimenez: Inokura zvakanyanya mumatunhu eCórdoba neMálaga.
twist: Ndiwo mumwe mazambiringa eGalician akafanana neAlbariño asi zvishoma glyceric uye yakanatswa. Ndiwo mutsika weRibeiro mazambiringa.
Verdejo: Muchena machena kubva kuRueda, Ribera del Duero nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeCastilla.
Kanarel-lo: Iyo inokwenenzvera chaizvo nemimwe mhando, kunyanya mukuwedzeredzwa kwemacavas.
Neruzivo urwu iwe unozogona kuziva zvakawanda nezve muzambiringa uye kuti chirimwa chatinonwa kubva kwachinonaka waini chinoshanda.