Kana iwe uchiziva zvishoma nezvenyika yekurima, iwe zvechokwadi unenge wakambonzwa nezve mycorrhizae uye trichodermas pane imwe nguva, asi unoziva here kuti chii? Kunyange zvikaita semanyepo, Uhu ndihwo howa huviri hunoyemurwa zvikuru nevarimi. Vanounza zvikomborero zvakawanda kuzvirimwa. Ehe, iwe unofanirwa kuziva maitiro uye nguva yekuashandisa.
Zvinogoneka kuti urikuda kuziva zvishoma nezve mycorrhizae uye trichodermas. Muchiitiko ichi, ndinokurudzira kuti urambe uchiverenga. Tichatsanangura kuti ndezvipi chaizvo, zvazvinobatsira ndezvipi, uye sei uye nguva yekuzvishandisa. Ruzivo urwu runogonawo kubatsira zvakanyanya kuvarimi vadiki.
Chii chinonzi mycorrhizae uye ndechei?
Tisati tatsanangura nguva yekushandisa mycorrhizae ne trichodermas, ngatitangei tajekesa kuti ndezvipi, tichitanga ne mycorrhizae. Zviri pamusoro mubatanidzwa wesymbiotic pakati pefungus mycelium uye mudzi wemuriwo. Nenzira iyi, ese ari maviri anokura musymbiosis achipa mamwe mabhenefiti kune mumwe nemumwe.
Asi zvinokwanisika sei kuti fungus ribatsire chirimwa? Bva, ikoku kune mutoro wokusveta zvose zviri zviviri mvura nezvokudya zvinowanwa mupasi. Uyezve, inodzivirira midzi kubva kune zvimwe zvirwere. Kana chiri chirimwa, chinopa mycelium fungus ine amino acids, shuga nezvimwe zvinhu zvainoda, nekuda kwemaitiro photosynthesis. Gare gare tichakurukura kuti nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzoupenyu dzinobetsera sei mumwe nomumwe.
Kana zvichiri kuita sekunge kusanganiswa kusinganzwisisike kwauri, ini ndichakupa chokwadi chinosimbisa hukama hwakanaka pakati pemiriwo nehowa: Nhasi, chikamu che90% chezvinomera zvese zvepanyika zvine mycorrhizae. Nemamwe mashoko: Zvinenge zvirimwa zvese zvepanyika zviri musymbiosis nefungi.
Mhando
Kana tichitaura nezve mycorrhizae, Tinogona kusiyanisa mhando mbiri maererano nehukama hwadzinotanga iyo hyphae, iyo ine microscopic filaments yefungus, ine masero emidzi yechirimwa. Ndiwo anotevera:
- Endomycorrhiza: Muchiitiko ichi, fungus inogadzirisa pamudzi wemuriwo. Kutanga inoita kudaro intercellularly uye yozopedzisira yapinda mukati memasero emidzi.
- Ectomycorrhizae: Kusiyana ne endomycorrhizae, iyo hyphae ye ectomycorrhizae haipindi mukati memidzi yechirimwa, asi panzvimbo iyo inopindira midzi yemidzi kubva kunze uye inogadzira rudzi rwechipfeko chakakomberedza midzi shoma shoma.
Sei uye riini kushandisa mycorrhizae?
Tichipindura mubvunzo wenguva yekushandisa mycorrhizae uye trichodermas, ngatitangei kutaura nezve mycorrhizae. Chinhu chinonyanya kukurudzirwa kuvashandisa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira mune iri kutenderera kwechirimwa, nguva pfupi mushure mekutamiswa kuti howa huve hwakasimba. Isu tinofanirwa kubvumira mycelium kuti igadzirise mumidzi pakati pemavhiki maviri kusvika mana tisati taisa zvimwe zvigadzirwa, senge trichodermas.
- zvirimwa zvehorticultural (hydroponics, magreenhouse kana kunze): 3kg/ha kubva pazuva rechinomwe mushure mekudyara.
- Strawberries nemamwe majiroji: 3kg/ha kubva pazuva rechimakumi maviri mushure mekusimwa.
- zvirimwa zvemiti (muzambiringa, muorivhi, subtropical uye inopisa, matombo uye pip miti yemichero, citrus, nezvimwewo) vechidiki: 2kg/ha.
- Zvirimwa zvehuni mukugadzira: 3kg/ha.
Benefits mukurima
Sezvatakambotaura kare, zvose fungus uye chirimwa zvinobatsira kubva kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nehukama hwe symbiotic. Nepo mycelia inowana shuga yavanoda, zvirimwa zvinoona zvakawedzerwa zvicherwa zvakachengetwa kuti zvikwanise kukura nekukura nemazvo. Zvakadaro, Aya haasiriwo mabhenefiti anowanikwa muriwo. Tichavanyorera pazasi:
- Kutorwa kurinani kwezvinovaka muviri nemvura.
- Kuwedzera kushivirira kune ivhu resaline uye nguva dzekusanaya kwemvura.
- Kuwedzera kupikisa kurwiswa nemamwe pathogenic fungi anokonzera zvirwere.
- Kufumisa ivhu.
- Zvirinani kukura kwechirimwa nekuda kwekunyatsokura kwemidzi.
Chii chinonzi trichodermas uye ndechei?
Zvino zvatava kuziva chimwe chinhu nezve mycorrhizae, inguva ye trichodermas. Ndezvipi? Ndezvechii? Zvakanaka, imhando yeanaerobic fungus yerudzi Trichoderma spp.. Senge mycelia, trichodermas zvakare yakajairika muvhu rekurima pasirese. Pamusoro pezvo, tinogonawo kuwana fungi idzi mundove uye pamatanda akadonha. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinobatsira kuumambo hwemiti. Vanopa zvakawanda zvakanaka padanho rekurima, izvo zvatichakurukura gare gare.
Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti inobatsira zvikuru pamiti, hatifaniri kuvhiringidza trichodermas ne mycorrhizae. Chinhu chimwe chete chavainacho ndechekuti ivo chikamu cheumambo hwefungi. Musiyano mukuru unosiyanisa marudzi ese ayo trichodermas haitsamiri pamidzi yemiriwo kurarama, asi dzinodya kune dzimwe fungi dzinowanikwa murhizosphere. Rangarira kuti mycorrhizae inopona nekuda kwekubatana kwesymbiotic kwadzinoita nemidzi yezvirimwa.
Tinogona zvakare kusiyanisa marudzi ese efungi nekushanda kwaanoita. Muchiitiko che trichoderma, izvi zvinotamba zvakanyanya kudzivirira kune mamwe hutachiona senge mabhakitiriya, nematode fungi, nezvimwe. Mycorrhiza, kune rumwe rutivi, inobatsira zvirimwa kuzviriritira.
Trichoderma inoshandiswa sei uye riini?
Paunenge uchiisa trichodermas, zviri nani kuzviita nenzira yekudiridza uye nenzira yakadzama. Tinogona kuita izvi kuburikidza nemaposi, midziyo yekudiridza nemaoko kana masisitimu emuno. Imwe nzira yekushandisa ndeyekusanganisa ne organic matter, senge mupfudze kana the manyowa. Usati washandisa trichodermas, kutanga tinofanira kunyorovesa chigadzirwa icho chine iwo nemvura kwemaminetsi mashoma uye kuzunungusa.
Asi tinofanira kuzviita rini? Tinogona kuzora howa uhwu kana kusima kwaitwa kana pamuriwo waiswa mugaba. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuita kubva pamazuva ekutanga mushure mekusimwa, makore gumi nemashanu asati apfuura. Nezve muyero, izvi zvinoenderana nekuomerwa uye makoroni-ekugadzira zvikamu (CFU). Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinowanzo shandiswa zvinokurudzira kunotevera kushandiswa pane dzimwe nguva.
Tisati tashandisa trichodermas, zvakakosha kuti tiyeuke kuti ivhu rinofanirwa kunge riine 1% organic matter, asi zvine musoro rinofanira kunge rakakura kudarika 2%. Zvikasadaro, trichodermas ichave nenguva yakaoma kwazvo yekukonesa ivhu nekuda kwekushaya chikafu. Kana ivhu risina organic zvinhu, rinowanzove rakanyanya kucheneswa, saka hapana kana fungi chero ipi zvayo inogona kudya trichodermas.
Benefits mukurima
Sezvakaita mycorrhizae, trichodermas inounzawo mabhenefiti akawanda kuzvirimwa uye nekudaro zvakare kuzvirimwa. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa kune chikamu chekurima kushandiswa kwayo se biological control agent. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyi mhando yefungus inokura uye inokura nekukurumidza uye kuti inogadzira akawanda inducible enzyme pamberi pehumwe fungi idzo dzinokonzera zvirimwa.
Sezvo trichoderma ichikwanisawo kukura pane akawanda akasiyana substrates pasi pemamiriro akasiyana siyana, zviri nyore kwazvo kuigadzira yakawanda kuti ishandiswe pakurima. Iyi fungus ine kushivirira kukuru kune yakanyanyisa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. Nechikonzero ichi, inzvimbo yakanakisa yekudzora, nekuti inogara munzvimbo dzakafanana neiyo fungi inokonzera zvirwere mumiti. Uyezve, trichoderma inokwanisa kurarama nepamusoro pemishonga yezvipembenene nemamwe makemikari. Nechikonzero ichi, isarudzo yakanakira yemhando dzakasimba dzekurima dzinoda kudzoreredza ivhu kana bioremediation.
Kunze kwezvose izvi zvakanakira izvo trichoderma inounza, kune zvimwe. Next tichanyora zvese zvakanaka zvinounzwa nefungus kuzvirimwa:
- Inokurudzira kukura kwemiriwo.
- Inodzivirira mbeu kubva kune dzimwe pathogenic fungi.
- Inopa dziviriro yakananga kunyika nenyika yezvirimwa zvakasiyana, sezvo ichiwanda muvhu.
- Iine masimba emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
- Inoshanda semumiririri weiyo biodegradation yeagrochemicals.
- Iri imwe nzira inogoneka kuchengetedza mishonga yezvipembenene nemafetereza emakemikari.
- Inogona kushandiswa muma substrates anoshandiswa pasi pe zeoponic uye hydroponic mamiriro.
- Iri zero waste biological system, inoremekedza zvakatipoteredza uye isingakuvadzi kuvanhu.